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Chemical report of the minerals, rocks, and soils / made by Robert Peter.

Chemical report of the minerals, rocks, and soils / made by Robert Peter. Peter, Robert, 1805-1894. 400dpi TIFF G4 page images University of Kentucky, Electronic Information Access & Management Center Lexington, Kentucky 2002 b96-11-34698728 Electronic reproduction. 2002. (Beyond the shelf, serving historic Kentuckiana through virtual access (IMLS LG-03-02-0012-02) ; These pages may be freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Chemical report of the minerals, rocks, and soils / made by Robert Peter. Peter, Robert, 1805-1894. A.G. Hodges, state printer, [Frankfurt, Ky. : 1856] p. [251]-379 ; 27 cm. Coleman Microfilm. Atlanta, Ga. : SOLINET, 1996. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (SOLINET/ASERL Cooperative Microfilming Project (NEH PS-21089) ; SOL MN05984.02 KUK) Printing Master B96-11. IMLS This electronic text file was created by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). No corrections have been made to the OCR-ed text and no editing has been done to the content of the original document. Encoding has been done through an automated process using the recommendations for Level 1 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file. Geology, Economic Analysis. CIE MICAL REPORT OF THE MiINERALS, ROCKS, AND SOILS, MADE BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., CHIEMICAL ASSISTANT. This page in the original text is blank. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. CHEnICAvL LABORATORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, t Lexington, Ky., September 24, 1855. S DEAR SIR: I herewith transmit to you my Summary Report of the Chemical Analyses made for the Geological and Chemical Survey of Kentucky. It contains the results of more than two hundred days of incessant labor, but yet exhibits the composition of a very suall proportion of the valuable minerals of the State, as you will doubtless demonstrate in your forthcoming Report. Sufficient is shown, however, even in this brief and partial sketch, to prove the great wealth, i7n substanlial riches, of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Blessed with the most fertile soil in the world, on its central geolog- ical formations; the decomposing soft limestones and marls of which continually renew its supply of phosphates, sulphates, and the alkalies, &c., &c., as they are removed by cropping; a great portion of its eastern and western boundaries include mineral wealth in the greatest abundance, in the form of iron ores, coals, limestones, clays, salt, &c., &c., of great variety, requiring only capital, skill, and industry, which they must eventually invoke to their exploration, to change the re- gions containing them-some of them now very sparsely settled and little known-into the locations of numerous and lucrative manufac- tories, and centres of an active and extensive commerce. 4INTODUCTORY LOER By an examination of the descriptions and composition of the iron ores which were analyzed, it well be seen that they are, generally, of the most profitable and productive kinds. The limonites are in great variety; and almost all of them are com- paratively soft and porous; thus, easily to be reduced in the furnace. Some with an excess of s8li-ious matters, others of calcarcous; and generally containing earthy materials enough to form a sullicient amount of the iiecess'ry furnace slag, (or cinder, so called,) either alone or with admixture of some of the neighboring poorer ores or limestones. Very few of them contain much phosphoric acid, or other injurious ingredients; and even those which, at some furnaces, are considered "twipracticable,' or difficult to smelt, are found to be hard to manage mainly because of their richness itself; and require only the admix- ture of poorer ores, or some argillaceous, silicious, and calcareous sub- stances, abundant everywhere, to flux them and make them yield their content of iron. The proportion of this metal, in some of them, may seem to be small; but it is well known to practical men that the most profitable oies of iron are those which contain less than fifty per cent. of that metal; and many containing not much more than half that proportion are economically smelted. The black band iron ores, from the lower portion of the State, and from Greenup county, are interesting. Most of them which were ex- amined proved to be as good as those of Europe, from which iron is most cheaply made. A few disappointed the hopes which were ex- cited by their appearance, and proved to be too poor in iron to be con- sidered workable, or too much contaminated with phosphate of lime. Doubtless, in many parts of the extensive coal fields of the State, this valuable kind of iron ore, of good quality, may be found in great abun- dance. The economy introduced into the iron manufacture, by the use of this ore, in Scotland, is illustrated by the celebrated David Musbet, in his voluminous practical "Papers on Iron and ASteel," by the compaxa- tive statement of the burthen and produce, at the Clyde iron works, of two furnaces, blowing each for one week, and using pit-coal and the bot-blasst, as follows: 254 INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Tons. COws. Qrs. I- With black band ironstone- Coals to the ton of iron, -1 6 3 Roasted ore, ("mine,") 1 14 1 Limestone, -0 3 3 2. With clay ironstone- Coals, to tie ton of iron,-2 3 2 Roasted ore, -2 6 2 Limestone,- 0 11 2 Saving from the use of the black band- Coals, per ton of iron, - - - - - 0 15 S Limestone, - - - - - 7 3 Additional produce of iron in the week, 20 4 0 The iron manufacture in this State is only in its infancy. We now produce only charcoal iron, of the best quality, while we import, an- nually, immense quantities of coflmonl iron, for railroad and other pur- poses. With the black band, or some of our other good fusible ores, and the use of coal and the hot-blast, the cheaper kinds of iron, so exten- sively used, could doubtless be made to great advantage in Kentucky, and thus a foreign drain on our capital would be checked, and a new source of wealth established. This will be found necessary for self-de- fence if our railroad improvements are much extended, as they doubt- less will be; and will be the more easily effected as the price of labor, from well known causes, is becoming higher in Europe. For this kind of manufacture those of our coals which contains but little sulphur, and less than five per cent. of ashes, would be well suited, more especially the variety called dry or splint coal, which abounds in our State, which need not be coked before it is used in the furnace, and thus is chcaper than coke. This kind of coal, while it does not soften or swell up much when heated, so as to choke up the furnace and check the blast, gives out much combustible gas to aid in reducing the ore, and carbonating the iron. I have not thought proper to give a detail of the processes used in the chemical investigation; they have been various, according to the requirements of the specimen under examination-generally those de- scribed in that monument of industry and accuracy, the "Handbuch der Analytischen Chemie, Von Heinrich Rose," (last German edition)- but sometimes modified to suit the circumstances of the case. In the 2655 INTRODUCTORY LEER. separation and estimation of the alkalies, and the separation of mag- nesia from the alkalies-processes which so frequently occur in miner- al analysis-the important improvements of Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, (detailed in Silliman's Journal,) were found to be greatly better than the old methods. The total amount of carbon in the specimens of pig-iron was as- certained by means of iodine-a method with which I am not entirely satisfied. The phosphorus, in that metal, was estimated by solution in fuming nitric acid, and evaporation to dryness to render the silica insol- uble, re-solution in hydro-chloric acid, and precipitation of the oxides of iron and manganese with suiphuret of ammonium and a sufficient quan- tity of caustic potash. The alumina and phosphoric acid, dissolved by the caustic solution, were separated by known methods-the latter be- ing weighed as phosphate of magnesia. In the examination of the soids it was thought proper to substitute, for the ordinary process of digestion in water, to ascertain the propor- tion of readily soluble matters, that of digestion for some weeks in water which had been saturated, under pressure, with carbonic acid gas. This plan was adopted in order more nearly to imitate the process of nature in the solution of the nutritious ingredients of the soil for the food of plants. The water which falls as rain, &c., being always charg- ed with carbonic acid, the proportion of which is increased in it, when it percolates the soil, by the slow oxidation of the organic matters; and this, with the very small amount of nitric or hypo-nitric acid sometimes produced in the atmosphere during electrical excitements, and the soluble organic matters themselves, are the principal means by which the fixed or mineral elements of plants, indispensable to their organization, are dissolved and introduced into their tissues. The investigation of the soils was not as thorough as it should have been, the time allotted to the chemical analyses having been nearly consumed by other objects before they were commenced; their exami- nation was therefore too hurried, and consequently the proportions of some of their more minute ingredients, (of the most valuable also,) such as the chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates, were not, in all cases, separately made out. Amongst the ores. the coals, the rocks, the sails, the mineral waters, &c., &c., of the State, a wide unexplored field still remains for exami- nation- 256 nITRODUCTOBY Lzr. 257 Hoping that this brief and imperfect investigation may be but the beginning of a still further and complete study of the geological his- tory and the mineral riches of the State of Kentucky, I remain yours respectfully, ROBERT PETER. DAVID DALE OWE', Al. D., Principal Geologise of Kentucky. This page in the original text is blank. A SUMMARY OF THE CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF Ores, Foils, Coals, Limestones, Pig-Iron, Iron Furnace Cinder, &c., OF RENvIUCKY, MOSTLY PROCURED BY DAVID DALE OWEN. M. D.. PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST OF KENTUCKY. AND ANALYZED BY ROBERT PETER, M. D, CHEM- ICAL ASSISTANT TO THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ARRANGED IN THE ALFHABETICAL ORDER OF THE COUNTIES II WHICH THEY WERE OBTAINED. BALLARD COLTNT. No. 1-SOIL. Labeled "Soil fron heavy timbered land, southern part of Ballard county, Kentucky," beltveen the waters of Bowle8 and west branch of Mayfield creeks. Color yellowish grey, or dirty buff, in its dried state. Carefully washed with water it left about forty-seven per cent. of very fine sand, which was nearly of the color of the soil; a larger proportion could doubtless be obtained by devoting more time to the washing, for it is so fine as easily to be washed away with the lighter particles, and to escape ordinary observation. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil were digested, for about a month, in a closely stoppered bottle, at a temperature not above 100 P., in water which bad been Eaturated under pressure with car- bonic acid gas; the liquid, filtered and evaporated to dryness at 212 F., left 1.53 grains of solid matter, which had been dissolved by the acidulated water. CEEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This solid extract, when treated with pure water, left, of insoluble mnatter. 0.603 gr., which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid, and which was of the following composition, viz: Silica, -0.137 Carbonate of magnesia, -.259 Brown oxide of manganese, -.117 Alumina, oxide of iron, and traces of phosphates, .067 Potash, -- -.005 Traces of carbonate of lime and loss, - - -.018 The portion of the extract which was dissolved by the water was of a dark brown color, and weighed 0.9 gr. when dried at 2120 F.; when ignited over the spirit lamp a portion of it was burnt off, with a mixed smell of burnt animal matter and burning peat, leaving 0.4 gr. of fix- ed residuum. The composition of this soluble portion was found to be as follows: Organic and volatile matter, -- -0.500 Carbonate of lime, -- - .098 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -.112 Carbonate of manganese, -- -.051 Alumina, oxide of iron, witl traces of phosphates, - - .007 Potash, ....036 Soda, -- - .067 Loss, -.029 The lime, magnesia, oxides of manganese and iron, and the alumina and phosphates were, in the extract, doubtless combined with the or- g inic acids, which are included above under the general name of or- ganic matter, and which, when burnt ofl, leave most of these fixed sub- stances in combination with carbonic acid. Water saturated with car- bonic acid was used, in this process of analysis, to enable me to esti- mate the relative amount of soluble materials immediately available for the nourishment of vegetables. The water which falls from the at- mospbere always contains some of this acid which, with the organic acids resulting from animal and vegetable decomposition, is the princi- pal agent in the solution of the nutritive elements of the soil for the support of plants. Had sufficient time been at my disposal I should have examined this soil more minutely, for other soluble ingredients, as ammonia, the ni- trates, chlorides, and sulphates, but having nearly approached the end of the present term of labor, before the soils were commenced, I was obliged to be contented wiLb a less extensive investigation. 260 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. One hundred grains of the air-dried soil, exposed to the temperature of 340' F., lost of noisture 1.84 grains. Treated in the usual man- ner, by digestion in hydrochloric acid, &c., its composition, dried at 340, was found to be as follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, 3.040 Carbonate of lime, -.034 Carbonate of magnesia,-.40 I Carbonate of manganese, -.4 11 Alumina, oxide of iron, and traces of phosphates, 3.930 Potash-, --.108 Soda, -.037 Silica and silicates insoluble in hydrochloric acid, - - - 92.010 100.031 No. 2-SOIL. Labeled "Soil from the norMl-western part of Ballard coutIy, Asj., ner Col. Gholson's." Color of the dry soil of a dark brownish grey. Washing with wa- ter gave about firty-three per cent. of very fine sand, of a dirty buff color, which is doubtless oniy a portion. Treated with water acidula- ted with carbonic acid, as above described, this soil gave up 1.943 gr. of solid m itter, (dried at 212'); which re-dissolved in pure water left 0.9-5. gr. of insoluble vialler, which bad been dissolved by the carbon- ic acid, of the following composition, dried at 2120: Silica, ....170 Carbonate of lime, -- -.227 Carbonate of magnesia, ....321 Carbonate of manganese, - - -.200 Alumina, oxide of iron, and traces of phosphates, - - - .037 The portion which dissolved in the pure water weighed, when dried at 212, 0.988 gr. Heated to redness in a platinum capsule the organ- ic matter was consumed, giving out a smell of burnt horn, leaving 0.425 gr. of fixed resilduum. The composition of the soluble portion was found to be as follows, Yiz: Organic and volatile matters, .0.530 Carbonate of lime, -- -.127 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -.181 Carbonate of manganese, trace. Potash, - -.006 Soda, -.054 One hundred grains of the air-dried soil gave up 2.44 grains of 261 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. moisture, when dried at 320 F. Its composition, thus dried, -as found to be as follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, -4,120 Carbonate of lime,- .134 Carbonate of magnesia, -.280 Carbonate of manganese, -.081 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, 4.850 Potash, ---.139 Soda, --.063 Silica and insoluble silicates,-- -89.650 Loss, - - - .683 100.000 No. 3-LIGNITE. Labeled `Lvqnite, blif of Fort JfJerson, Ballard cointny, Kgy." A dull brownish-black friable substance, full of irregular cracks or fissures, which appear to have been produced by shrinkagle or drying; quite absorbant of moisture, adhering slightly to the tongue; fresh fiacture, presenting a dull pitch-like lustre in some of the layers, ap- preaching, in some rarts, the lustre of coal. Over the spirit lamp, on platinum foil, it burnt at first with a smokey flame, somewhat like coal, but with the odor of peat; it continues to burn like punk or rot- ten wood, when removed from the flame, until it is reduced to a bulky ash. Its specific gravity is, -1.219 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 13.20 Total volatile matters, - 60.60 Volatile combustible matters, 37.40 Carbon, - - - - 38.10 Hi Ashes, (buff-colored,) - -11.3 lack residuum, - - 49 40 100.00 100.00 Its composition, when thorouglby dried at 212', may be stated as follows, viz: Volatile combustible matters, -43.088 Fixed carbon, 43.894 Ashes, 13.018 The buff-colored ashes were found to contain a trace of pbosphoric acid, and notable quantities of oxide of iron, alumina, and lime. No. 4-CLAY. Labeled "Potters' day, four miles south of Blanduille, Ballard county, Kentulcky; Mr. SamucI's farm." Color, light yellowish-grey; exhibits minute spangles of mica before 262 CHMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the lens; heated before the blowpipe becomes first dark-colored then burns white. Composition, dried at 212- Silica, -71.94 Alumina, with a trace of oxide of iron, 20-70 Lime, -- - -.37 Magnesia, - - - - .35 Potash, -.63 Water, with a trace of organic matter, - - - - 6.20 100.19 This was examined for the general ingredients by fusion with mixed carbonates of soda and potash, &c., and for the alkalies by fusion with carbonate of lime and chloride of ammonium. BATH COUNTY. No. 5-LnmoNiTE. Iron ore from MIessrs. Robert 4. A. G. Carter's furnace, Bath counly, Kenite,y, five miles beyond the Olympian Springs, adjloining the While Sulphur Springs; (fourteen miles from Oa'ingsville and fifty-three miles front Lexington.) Ore beds described to be from eight to twelve inches thick, on a ba- sis of limestone, covered by blue clay and fire clay. Ore, a compact, hard, apparently pure hxematite; powder of a dark, brownish, red color. Specific gravity, 3.266 Composition, dried at 212 F- Oxide of iron, (peroxide,) 79.90 55.95 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of manganese, - - 1.801 Alumina, - - - - 1.10 Carbonate of lime, - 0.10 Carbonate of magnesia, 1.63 Silex and insoluble silicates, - 9.00 Water and loss, - - - 6.57 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 3.1 per cent. of hygrometric moisture when dried at 212. No. 6-Coa. From the same locality as the preceding. Reported to be in beds four feet thick, or in two beds, each of two fedt, separated by two feet of black shale. A splint coal; cleaving in rather thin lays, separated by fibrous car- 263 264 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. bonaceous matter, (fibrous coal;) cross fracture of a pitch black color and lustre; fissures and edges of the layers coated with ocbreous oxide of iron. The fibrous matter presented the appearance of vegetable impressions, and is to some extent infiltrated with pyrites. Specific gravity, 1.321 Heated on platinum foil over the cphit lamp, it swelled up somewhat, but did not soften very much; does not appear to be a good coking coal. Composition dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, 38.00 Carbon in the coke, - - 53.90 Coke6 Ashes, (light grey color,) - 8. ioi . 62. per cent. 100.00 The recent coal lost three per cent. of moisture when dried at 212'. The ashes contain a small proportion of sulphate of lime. By a separate process the total per centage of sulphur in this coal was found to be about 0.99. The locality from whence these two minerals are obtained is describ- ed as an outlier of the coal formations. BUTLER COUNTY. No. 7-GREY CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Carbonate of iron, shale bank, Alum Spring, Butler county, Kentucky." A hard, compact mineral, of a dark grey color; streak, light grey; fracture, fat-conchoidal; structure, fine granular. Outer surface, to the thickness of about one-sixteenth of an inch, reddish-yellow from the per-oxidation of the iron. Specific gravity, 3.490 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, . - 65.96) Peroxide of iron, 7 19 36.90 per cent Iron. Carbonate of lime, - 6.90 Carbonate of magnesia, 6.03 Carbonate of manganese, 1.67 Phosphoric acid, - 2.64 Potash, - - - .23 Soda, - - - .06 Bituminous matter, - 1.03 Silex and insoluble silicates, 8.70 Water and loss, - - .69 100.00 CHMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 265 The air-dried ore lost 0.8 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 8-COAL Labeled "Tygert's coal bank, on the waters of Hickory Camp creek, Buller county, Kentucky." A friable, pitch-black coal; fissures stained with ochreous oxide of iron; charcoal-like fibrous coal between the layers. Specific gravity,- 1.291 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 7.20. Total volatile matters, - 38.60 Volatile combustible matters, 31.40T Carbon in the coke, - - - 56.90 Ashes, (light yellowish grey,) - 4.50 Coke, (moderately light,) 61.40 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 2,2'- Volatile combustible matters, - 33.84 Carbon in the coke, - - - -61.27 Ashes, ---4.89 100.00 Sulphur is found in it in the proportion of 0.29 per cent. The ashes contain no appreciable quantity of sulphate of lime. Heated over the spirit lamp, on platinum foil, it swelled up and soft- ened considerably, leaving a cellular coke. It appears to be a pretty good coking coal. A singular fact was observed in relation to this coal, which, however, may possibly be accidental, as the experiment was not repeated. Some of the coal in very fine powder, folded in paper, placed in the sand- bath at the temperature of about 4000 F., took fire spontaneously. NO. 9-COAL. Laheled. "Pardon Sheldon's coal, head weaters of Welch creek, Butler county, Kentucky." A very pure looking, soft coal, of a pitchy-black color and strong lustre, not soiling the fingers; presenting no appearance of fibrous coal, nor of pyritous or other impurities. Specific gravity, -1.247 Heated over the spirit lamp, on platinum foil, it softened and swelled up a good deal-the volatile matter burning off with a very smoky flame, leaving a light spongy coke. It appears to be a good coking coal. 34 266 CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - 4.00 Total volatile matters, 38.70 Volatile combustible matters, - 34.70 Carbon in the coke, - - - 60.70 Ashes, (dirty salmon color,) - 60Coke, (light, spongy,) - 6130 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Volatile combustible matters. 36.146 Carbon in the coke, - - - 63.229 Ashes, -- - .625 100.000 The total per centage of sulphur is 0.268. The salmon-colored ashes contain only a small trace of sulphate of lime. This coal is remarka- ble for the very small amount of ashes which it leaves. No. 10-SOIL. Labeled 'Soil and sub-soil, four miles south of Roch- eefpr-ridge land-Butler county, Kentucky." The dry soil is of a dirty buff color. Washed with water it left more than 47. per cent. of very fine sand, containing a few larger rounded gains of silicious mineral. One thousand grains, treated, as before described, with water charged with carbonic acid gas, gave up 1.884 grains of solid matter, dried at 2120 F. This extraet, treated with pure water, left of insoluble matter, which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid, 0.837; the composition of which is as follows, viz: Silica, 0.190 Carbonate of lime, -.077 Carbonate of magnesia, .603 Alumina, oxide of iron and trace of pbosphates, - - - .067 The portion which was dissolved by the water weighed, when dried at 2120 F., 1.047 grains. Ignited in a platinum capsule, there were burnt o'l nf it. with a smell of burning animal matter, Orgfanic and volatile substances, 0.600 The residue consisted of Carbonate of lime, -.167 Carbonate of magnesia, -.140 Carbonate of mangane-e, -.042 Potash, .082 Soda, -.013 Also, a slight trace of alumina and phosphates. CHMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. One hundred grains of the soil dried at 3200 Fah., by the usual mode gave the following results, viz: 267 when analyzed Organic and volatile matters, -3.460 Carbonate of lime, - --.097 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -.306 Carbonate of manganese, - - - -.025 Potash, -- -.204 Soda, -.074 Alumina, oxide of iron and trace of phosphates, 6.030 Silica and insoluble silicates,-- -90.690 Loss, -- -.216 100.000 This soil contains very nearly as much potash as the rich soil of Fayette county, but does not yield as large a proportion of the phos- phates. CARTER COUNTY. No. 11-Ixo.u ORE. Labeled "Mr. Wallace's iron ore, near falls of Blain, Carter' county, Kentucky." A dark reddish-brown mineral, with interspersed spots of null yel- lowish; appearance generally dull, but slightly glimmering, like spar, in the yellowish portions. Powder of a brownish-buff color. Specific gravity, -2.731 Composition, dried at 21V F.- Oxide of iron, - - - 23.20t 19.24 per entL of &os. Carbonate of iron, - - 6.28) Carbonate of lime, 5--1.35 Carbonate of magnesia, - 1.63 Carbonate of manganese, - 3.41 Alumina, - - - 1.95 Phosphoric acid, - - .24 Potash, - - - - .23 Soda, ---- .18 Silica and insoluble silicates, 9.67 Water and loss, - 1.96 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1. per cent. of moiSture when dried at 2120. Containing a large proportion of carbonate of lime, and a small amount of alumina, this mineral may be valuable to flux, in the furnace, with ores containing too large a proportion of aluminous or silicious matter. This ore was inadvertently labeled Carter county; it should have been Lawrence county. 268 CHMiCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. By itself it would not give good results, because of its small relative quantity of iron, and large excess of lime. No. 12-LrDoMTL Labeled "Ore from Tygert's, Carter county, Ken- tucky, on the sub-carboniferous limestone." A dark reddish-brown mineral; dirty ochreous on the exterior; ad- hering to the tongue. Powder dirty yellowish-brown color. Specific gravity, - 3.256 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Peroxide of iron, - - - 71.60- 50.07 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 2.45 Magnesia, - - 1.03 Brown oxide of manganese, - 1.37 Potash, - - - .34 Soda, - - - - .12 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 11.97 Combined water, - - 11.59 100.37 The air-dried ore lost 1.7 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 13-LmoNrm Labeled "Best ore, Sandy furnace, Carter county, Kentucky." A dark reddish-brown ore, in irregular layers, separated by soft yel- low ochreous mineral. Powder of a brownish-yellow color. Composition, dried at 212 F.- Peroxide of iron, - - - 67.40 - 42.20 per cent. of Iron. Alrmina, . - - - .87 Carbonate of lime, - - - .57 Magnesia, - - - - 1.80 Brown oxide of manganese, - .96 Potash,. .50 Soda, ..16 Silica, and insoluble silicates, - 17.57 Combined water, - - - 11.65 101.38 The air-dried ore lost 2.2 per cent of moisture when dried at 2120. These two are very rich and valuable ores, requiring, however, the use of lime to flux them in the furnace, which may, perhaps, be profit- ably substituted by the use of the next described mineral, in proper pro- portions. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GE3LOGICAL SURVEY. 269 No. 14-FnaBuomous LmoNE. Labeled "Green Rock, which cuts out the ore, Sandy Furnace, Carter county, Ky." A dull looking bluish-grey-green rock, mottled with lighter green and dirty yellowish-brown; small spangles of mica and specks of spar visible under the lens; as hard as ordinary limestone; powder of a greenish-grey color. Specific gravity, - 2.809 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - 14.26 Oxide of iron, - - 16.77 - 18.66 per cenL of Irnm. Carbonate of lime, - - 36.16 Carbonate of magnesia, - 6.54 Carbonate of manganese, - .84 AlumiDa, -- - - 5.8 Potash, -.29 Soda, -.08 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 19.17 Water and loss, - - 1.06 100.00 No. 15-Con. Labeled ",Kilqore's Coal, Williams' creek, on the Ler- ington and Big Sandy railroad-fourteen miles from. Ashland- Car- ter county, Ky." A pure looking splint coal, having a lamellar fracture, with vegeta- ble impressions between the layers, not in the form of dbrous coal, but smooth and hard, not soiling the fingers; cross-fracture pitch-black, lustrous; no appearance of pyrites or other impurities; heated over the spirit lamp it swelled up somewhat but did not soften much. Specific gravity, -1.313 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 6.401 Total volatile matters,- 41.00 Volatile combustible matters, 35.60 Carbon in the coke, - - 66.00 Co Ashes, (pale grey,) - - - 4.001 ke, (pretty dense,) - 69.00 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Volatile combustible matters, 37.632 Carbon in the coke, - - - -8.140 Ashes, - - - - 4.228 100.000 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Sulphur was found in this coal in the proportion of 0.710 per cent. The ashes contained no sulphate of lime. No. I 6-COAL. Labeled "Cannel Coal from Barrett's creek, Carter county, Ky., six miles north-west of Crayson." A dull looking coal, with a slaty structure, not soiling the fingers; not very easily broken; exterior stained with oxide of iron; fracture across the laminte of a dull, jet-like lustre; the surlfices of the layers as dull as black slate. Heated over the spirit lamp it decrepitated strongly, burnt at first with a smoky flame; did not swell up or change its form. Specific gravity, -1.443 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - 4.00t Total volatile matters - 37.50 Volatile combustible matters, ss33.50 o Carbon in the coke, - - - 42.70D Ashes, (dark lilac color,) - 19.80 Dense coke, - - 62.60 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Volatile combustible matters, - 34.896 Carbon in the coke, - - - - 44.478 Ashes, -- - 20.626 100.000 Sulphur was found in it in the proportion of 7.90-5 per cent. The value of this coal is greatly injured by its very large proportion of ashes and of sulphur. The ashes contained no perceptible amount of sulphate of lime. No. 17-COAL. Labeled "Galion's Coal, Williams' creek, on the Lex- ington and Big Sandy railroad, eighteen males from Ashland, in Car- ter courlfy, Ky." A very pure looking coal, of a pitch-black color, and strong lustre; not soiling the fingers; moderately hard; very little fibrous coal, with vegetable impressions between the layers, and but little appearance of pyritous matter. Heated over the spirit lamp it decrepitated, softened very much and swelled up; it is probably a coking coal. 270 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at the ordiLary Moisture, - - - Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - Ashes, (dark lilac color,) temperat - - 1.312 temperature- _ 5.005 - 40.80 - 49.50t - 4.70 100.00 Total volatile matters, - Moderately dense coke, - Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - - Ashes, - - 45.80 54.20 100.00 42.947 52.105 4.948 100.00 Sulphur was found in it in the proportion of 2.410 pjcr cent. The ashes contained only a trace of sulphate of lime. This coal would be more valuable for manufacturing purposes did it contain less sulphur. It is possible, however, that the specimen exam- ined presented more than the average proportion of pyrites-this in- jurious ingredient of coals being generally very irregularly diffused. CHRISTIAN COUNTY. No. 18-COAL. Labeled "Eeath's Coal, near Pond river, north-east part of Christian county, Ky." A soft friable coal, not soiling the fingers; of a dull pitch-black ap- pearance; seems to be free from pyrites or earthy impurities. Small fragments heated over the spirit lamp softened, swelled up, and agglu- tinated into a light spongy coke. Appears to be a good coking coal. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at the ordinary Moisture, - - - Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - - Ashes, (pale reddisb-grey. temperature- - 2.80t Total voI - 41.10) -48.901 Coke - 7.20C 100.00 Composition, dried at 212'- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - - Ashes, - - - - Otile matters, 1.307 - 43.90 - 66.10 100.00 42,284 60.309 7.407 100 d0D 2TI 272 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Sulphur was found in this coal in the proportion of 2.16 per cent. The ashes contained 0.100 per cent. of sulphate of lime. Dried at 2120 the air-dried coal lost 2.8 per cent. of moisture. No. 19-COAL. Labeled "(Lacey's) Atchison's Coal, MceFarland's branch of the west fork of Pond river, north-east part of Christian county, Ky." A soft bituminous coal, of a pitch-black color; considerable lustre. Some fibrous coal, exhibiting vegetable impressions, between the lay- ers. Fragments heated over the spirit lamp softened, swelled moder- ately, and agglutinated into a spongy coke. Specific gravity, 1.278 Composition, dried at ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 4.001 Total volatile matters, - 41.70 Volatile combustible matters, - 37.70) Carbon in the coke, - 53.30) Coke (bright spongy.) 58-30 Ashes. (lilac colored,) - - 5.001 C ( 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212'- Volatile combustible matters, 39.271 Carbon in the coke, - - - 55.620 Ashes, -- - 5.209 100.000 The total amount of sulphur was found to be 1.363 per cent. The ashes contained a small trace of sulphate of lime. No. 20 0-SoIL Labeled "Soil from southern part of Christian coun- ty, Ky., between Dr. Quarles' and Oak Grove." Color pretty dark greyish-brown. Washed with water it left more than thirty-four per cent. of very fine sand, of a dark drab color. One thousand grains, treated with water containing carbonic acid, yielded 3.822 grains of solid ertract, dried at 2120, which, when treat- ed with pure water, left of insoluble matter, which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid, 2.4-57 grains, of the following composition, viz: Silica, -.130 Carbonate of lime, -.830 Carbonate of magnesia, -.115 Carbonate of manganese, -.642 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, - - - - .740 Sulpbate of lime, a trace. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 273 The soluble matter, dissolved by the water, weighed, when dried at 2120, 1.365 grains, out of which was burnt, with the smell of burnt horn, Organic and volatile matters, -.960 The residue contained Carbonate of lime, -.067 Carbonate of magnesia, -.196 Potash, -.096 Soda, .046 With traces of alumina and phosphates. One hundred grains of the soil, dried at 300, analyzed by the or- dinary method, after digestion in hydrochloric acid, &c., were found to contain- Organic and volatile matters, - - - -.680 Carbonate of lime, -- -.220 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -.280 Carbonate of manganese, - - -.415 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, 5.470 Potash, -- - .154 Soda, -- -.061 Silica and insoluble silicates,- - - -87.430 Sulphate of lime and loss, -- -.290 100.000 The air-dried soil lost 2.6 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 3000 F. No. 21-MAGNMw.A LumEsToNE. Labeled "Hydraulic Limestone, near Esquire Lindsey's, Christian county, Ky." A dull, rather soft, rock, of a fine granular structure, light drab color; fragments may be broken off and crushed to powder in the fin- gers, without much difficulty; adheres to the tongue. Composition, dried at 212'- Carbonate of lime, - 62.20 Carbonate of magnesia, -37.95 Alumina, oxide of iron, &c., 2.27 Silica and insoluble silicates, -6.38 Potash, -.28 Moisture and ess, -.92 100.00 The carbonates of lime and magnesia are very nearly in equivalent proportions in this limestone. It contains a much smaler proportion of clay than is usually found in hydraulic limestone. 3-5 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 22-FERRUGiNous LimESTONE. Labeled "Iron hill at Keath8, nort//-east part of Christian county, Ky., near Pond river." A compact, fine-grained mineral; general color dark grey, with a slight tinge of green; exterior portion ochreous; dark reddish-brown matter lining the fissures, and extending from exterior to the interior. Powder cinnamon colored, or the color of ground lapis Calaininaris. Specific gravity, - 2.786 Composition, dried at 212- Carbonate of lime, - - 65.69 Carbonate of iron, 8.00 Oxide of iron and alumina, -13.23 Magnesia, -1.67 Oxide of manganese, -.34 Silica and insoluble silicates,- - - - - - 11.37 Alkalies, not estimated. 100.20 The ait-dried ore lost 0.7 per cent. of nmoisture, when dried at 2120 F. This mineral contains only about ten or twelve per cent. of iron. It might be useful as a fluxing material, in the smelting of silicious or argillaceous ores, and deserves trial as a water cement. CRITTENDEN COUNTY. No. 23-LIMONITE. Labeled "Iron Ore fromw Sneed's mines, on Tradetealer river, Crittendzen county, Ky." (Front Dr. IN. C. Sneed.) Above the coal a compact, dark reddish-brown mineral, mottled, with softer inoluded portions, of an ochreous appearance. Powder of a brownish-yellow color. Specific gravity, - 2.684 Composition, dried at 212- Peroxide of iron, - 39.60 27.73 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 1.00 Brown oxide of manganese, - .20 Phosphoric acid, - - - .67 Lime,-- .58 Magnesia, sulpburic acid, traces. Silica and insoluble silicates, - 51.30 Combilned water and loss. - - 6.65 100.00 The air-dried mineral lost 0.8 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 0F. 274 CHDICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 24-CLAY IRONSTONE. Labeled "Iron Ore from Sneeds mines, on Tradea'ater, Crittenden county, Ky." Found in a layer six to twelve inches thick, separated by twelve inches of shale from the three and a half feet thick bed of coal be- low. A compact dark grey mineral, resembling fine-grnined limestone; quite hard; powder of a light grey color. Specific gravity,- - - - 3.225 Composition, dried at 2121- Carbonate of iron, - - 12.421 16.86 per cent. of Iran. Peroxide of iron, - - 14.071 Carbonate of lime, - - 18.48 Carbonate of magnesia, - 1.49 Phosphate of lime, - - 29.49 Alumina, - - - 2.91 Potash,- .57 Soda, -.16 Bituminous matter, - - 1.32 Oxide of manganese, a trace. Silica and insoluble silicates, - 16.07 Water and loss, - - - 3.03 100.00 This mineral is remarkable for its very large proportion of phos- phate of lime, which causes it to contain nearly sixteen and a half per cent. of phosphoric acid, and which must render it uselesb as an iron ore. For the same reason, and in consequence of the considerable amount of alkalies which it presents, it may possibly be made a valua- ble mineral manure, if burnt, ground to powder, and applied to land deficient in phosphates and the alkalies. No. 25-CoAl. Labeled "Specimen of Coal frown Sneed's coal mines, on Tradewater, Crittenden county, Ky." The bed is described as three feet eight inches in thickness. Seven miles from the Ohio river. A very black, and apparently very pure, soft bituminous coal, re- sembling the Pittsburg coal in its external appearance. Some fibrous coal between the layers, exhibiting vegetable impressions, and some lit- tle appearance of pyrites. Some fiagments heated over the spirit lamp softened and swelled up a good deal, leaving a coke of moder- ate density. 275 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 1.316 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Volatile combustible matters, - 37.00 Carbon in the coke, - - - 5540 Coke 63. per cent. Ashes, (purplish-grey,) - - 7.60 100.00 The air-dried coal lost 2. per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. The total amount of sulphur amounts to 1.04 per cent, of which .04 is in sulphate of lime of the ash. No. 26-SULPHUREr OF ZINC. Labeled "Lead mines, one and a half miles south of Sulphur Springs, on Hurricane creek, 0rittenden coun- ty, Kentucky." A dark brown mineral; drusy, with minute quartz crystals and a little calcareous spar; containing also some galena, (sulphuret of lead;) which substances are mixed throughout the mass. Powder of a dark olive-grey color. Composition- Suiphuret of zinc, -60.30 Sulphuret of lead, -2.60 Alumina and oxide of iron, -10.19 Carbonate of lime,- 3.37 Magnesia, -.20 Silex and insoluble silicates, 26.38 103.04 This ore contains more than 40. per cent. of zinc. It contains traces of copper, manganese, and phosphoric acid. If found in large quan- tities it might be made valuable in the preparation of the zinc white paint, (oxide of zinc,) which is now much used as a substitute for the white lead. FAYETTE COUNTY. No. 27-SoIL. From a woodland pasture, (land which had never been in cultivation,) about eight miles from Lexington, near Newtown turn- pike, head waters of North Elkhorn creek, farm of Mrs. Dallam. Color, dark greyish-brownish, or chocolate. Washed carefully with water this soil left more than 62. per cent. of exceedingly fine sand, somewhat lighter colored than the soil itself This sand, washed with hydrochloric acid and dried again, weighed about 55. per cent. This very fine sand, or quartz powder, the presence of which is not 276 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 277 generally suspected in our rich loam soil, is so fine as to pass through the finest bolting cloth, of about five thousand apertures to the inch -leaving only about 0.4 of one per cent. of quartzy grains, not as large as small mustard seed. Dried at 3200 F., this soil lost 4.44 per cent. of moisture. Its com- position, thus dried, was found to be as follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, -8.000 Carbonate of lime, -.494 Carbonate of magnesia, -.420 Oxides of iron and manganese, -6.170 Alumina, -4.181 Phosphate of lime,- .60 Potash,- .205 Soda, -.062 Silica and insoluble silicates, - - - 79.910 100.000 The silicious residue, (79.9 per cent.,) from the action of hydrochlo- ric acid, when examined by the microscope exhibited a large propor- tion of clear quartzy particles; in which respect, however, it resem- bled, nearly, the silicious residue of most of the soils examined. The unusual fertility of this celebrated blue limestone (blue grass) soil is attributable 1. To its state of extreme division. 2. Its large proportion of phosphates and the alkalies. 3. The great amount of organic matter, &c., which it contains. The latter ingredient-the or- ganic matter-gives the soil its dark color, makes it light and very re- tentive of moisture and gases favorable to vegetable growth; it mate- rially aids in the solution of the mineral elements of vegetable nutri- tion, and by its own decomposition furnishes directly to plants a rich supply of food. The specific gravity of this soil is 2.443, but in consequence of its great porosity this does not give a correct idea of the weight of a cubic foot of it. A cubic foot of a solid substance having the above mentioned specific gravity would weight more than one hundred and seventy-nine pounds; but by actual experiment-by weighing a por- tion of this dried soil compressed into a specific gravity bottle-it was found to weigh only at the rate of about seventy-one and a half pounds to the cubic foot, (71.543 pounds.) This gives for the weight of the soil on an acre of ground, (43.560 square feet,) to the depth of one foot only, more than three millions of pounds, (3.116.413,0 pounds.) 278 CHEMICAL REPOBT OF GEOLOOICAL SURVEY. Taking this immense quantity of matter into consideration, which really represents, in the case of many plants, not one-half of that from which they draw their nourishment, it must be evident that quantities of valuable nutritious matter, sufficient for the support of vegetable growth, may exist in a soil, and yet may entirely escape the most deli- cate processes, and be unappreciable, in the quantities generally taken by the chemist for his analyses, by his finest balances. According to these data, the quantity of potash in this Fayette coun- ty soil, taken to the depth of one foot only, is more than six thousand three hundred and eighty-eight pounds-a quantity which seems al- most inexhaustible by the most wasteful culture. That the proportion of the valuable ingredients of the soil is much diminished by its continued cultivation in corn and grain crops is ex- hibited in the analysis of the next succeeding soil, which was taken from the same locality as this, but which had been for more than fifty years subjected to constant cultivation. No. 28-SoIL. From an old field long in cultivation; same locality as the last; adjoining field. Color, light chocolate, or grey-brown. Washed carefully with water this soil left more than 68. per cent of very fine sand, of a light snuff color, mixed with a few very small rounded particles of iron ore; and about 0.4 of one per cent. of small rounded quartzy particles, some of which are transparent, some milky, yellow, red, and green; all finer than mustard seed, yet presenting the appearance of microscopic boul- ders. Dried at 340 this soil lost 4.58 per cent. of moisture. Its compo- sition was found to be as follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, -5.980 Carbonate of lime, -.30 Carbonate of magnesia,- .547 Carbonate of manganese, -.204 Phosphate of lime,- .450 Oxide of iron, -7.190 Alumina, 4.528 Potash, -.139 fSoda, -.031 Silica and insoluble silicates, -80.430 100.029 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOICAL SURVEY. FULION COUINTY. No. 29-SorL. Labeled "Soil from Blaqfs at Hickman, where mit/k- sickness is Nmt prevalent, [does it contain more than the ordinary quantity of magnesia] Fulton county, Ky." The dry soil is of a dirty buff color. The air-dried soil lost 1.72 per cent. of moisture when dried at 3800. Washed with water it left about 36. per cent. of very fine sand. One thousand grains subjected to the action of water containing carbonic acid yielded 1.150 grains of solid matter, dried at 212. This treated with pure water left 0.85 grains of insoluble matter, which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid; having the following composition, viz: Silica, .140 Carbonate of lime, -- - .357 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -.125 Carbonate of manganese, -- -.086 Alumina, oxide of iron, and traces of phosphates, .067 Loss, --.076 The portion dissolved by the water weighing, when dried at 212', 0.3 of a grain, was ignited, when it lost of Organic and volatile matter, The residue gave- Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese and loss, Potash, Soda, The composition of this soil, dried at 38 follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Brown oxide of manganese, Alumina, oxide of iron, and traces of phosphates, Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, - 0.100 .007 - - - .021 - - - .092 -- - - .060 -- - - .020 O0 F., was found to be as - - - 1.720 - 1.640 - - .517 - -- .036 - - 4.470 - - .108 -- - .052 - - 92.350 100.793 Nothing remarkable, in the mineral ingredients of this soil, appears, to account for the peculiar sickness prevalent in the region from whence it caine. 279 - 280 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 30-SOLL. Labeled "Soil under the gravel bed at Hick-man, Ful- ton county, Ky." Color of the dried soil brownish-buff: Washed with water it left about fifty-six per cent. of very fine sand, containing a few spangles of mica. The air-dried soil lost 3.8 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 300 F. One thousand grains treated with water containing carbonic acid gave up 1.275 grains of solid matter, dried at 2120 F.; this, treated with pure water, left 1.043 grains of insoluble matter, which had been extracted by the carbonic acid, which had the following composition, viz: Silica, .190 Carbonate of lime, -.527 Carbonate of manganese, -.269 Sulphate of lime and loss, -.067 The soluble portion, which weighed 0.232 gr., yielded the following ingredients, viz: Organic and volatile matters, -.100 Carbonate of lime, a trace. Carbonate of magnesia, -.048 Potash, -.043 Soda, -.041 Submitted to general analysis, dried at 3000, this soil yielded the following results, viz: Organic and volatile matters, -- -2.600 Carbonate of lime, - - -- 393 Carbonate of magnesia, - - - - .03 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of pbosphates, 9.510 Potash, -.170 Soda, --.080 Silica and insoluble silicates,-- -87.030 100.386 GREENUP COUNTY. No. 31-LLMoNirzT Labeled "Block ore, best quality, over the coal and under the hearth sandstone, eight inches thick, Pennsylvania Fur- nace, Greenup county, Ky." A pretty pure limonite; harder portions of a dried blood-brown col- or; softer parts ochreous, yellow, and reddish. Powder of a brownish- yellow color. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GoOLOGICAL SUVEY. 281 Specific gravity, - 2.918 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 41.70 _ 29.20 per cent of Iron. Phosphate of alumina, - 1.25 Phosphoric acid, - 2.30 Brown oxide of manganese, - .68 Magnesia, - - - .20 Potash, - - - .13 Combined water, - - 8.01 Silex and insoluble silicates, - 46.06 Loss, - - - .78 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.4 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. No. 32-LnMONrrs Labeled "Little Block Ore, average four inches, immediately under the hearth sandstone, Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A compact limonite of a reddish-brown color; some minute spangles of mica throughout it. Powder of a light reddish-brown color. Specific gravity, - - - 2.978 Composition, dried at 212' F- Oxide of iron, - 49.69 - 34.79 per cent. or Iron. Alumina, - 2.63 Phosphoric acid, - .22 Oxide of manganese, - .45 Magnesia, - . .33 Potash, - - - .38 Soda, - - .1' Combined water, - 7.68 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 38.36 Los,- - - .26 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.2 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 33-LnIo.NiT. Labeled "Limestone Ore, over limestone, eighteen inches, Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A pretty compact limonite; portions dense, and dark reddish-brow;, others ochreous, bright red; small crystals and geodes of carbonate of lime diffused throughout it. Powder dirty orange-red color. 36 282 CHOMICAL RKPORT OF 05D0OL4)GCAL SURVnY. Specific gravity, - 3.052 Composition dried at 212- Oxide of iron, - - - - 60.00- 42.00 per cent of Iron. Carbonate of lime, - - - 20.67 Carbonate of magnesia, - 3.84 Alumina, .68 Potash, - - - - .17 Soda, -- - -.6 Combined water, - 4.07 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 10.70 100.19 The air-dried ore lost two per cent of moisture when dried at 212 F. This ore is remarkable from its large proportion of carbonate of lime, making it valuable to mix with more silicious ores, like the pre- ceding, for the purpose of fluxing. No. 34-LwmoxmT. Labeled "Limestone Ore over the limestone, Penn- sylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dense and hard limonite; generally of a dark reddish-brown, or dried blood color; ochreous, reddish and yellowish, between the layers; portions somewhat cellular; some minute spangles of mica, and mi- croscopical crystals, probably of calcareous spar. Powder of brownish- yellow ochre color. Specific gravity, - 3.105 Composition, dried at 212- Oxide of iron, - - - - 72.70 - 50.91 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 2.00 Brown oxide of manganese, - .57 Magnesia, - - - - .37 Potash, . . . .42 Soda, ---- .17 Combined water, - - - 11.48 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 13.17 100.88 The air-dried ore lost 1.6 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 35-LuIoMrra Labeled "Top hill ore, average eight inches (four inches to one foot) thick, Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull earthy looking, brown and reddish-brown ore; adheres to the tongue; presenting atris of different shades of color; outer por- CUMICAL REPORT OF GBOLODGICAL SBIRVEY. 288 tions dirty olive-grey; more dense interior part dark reddish-brown. Powder of a dull, daik, brick color. Specific gravity, - 3.011 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - - - 54.60 38.23 per cent. of Iron. Carbonate of lime, - - 13.86 Phosphate of alumina, - 4.55 Phosphoric acid, - .74 Magnesia, - 2.79 Potash, - - - - .36 Soda, ---- .32 Combined water, - 9.28 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 13.37 Loss, ---- .14 100.00 The air-dried ore lost two per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 36-Lmomm Labeled "Better quality of Impracticable Ore, Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dark reddish-brown ore; porous; adhering to the tongue; fine granular, or somewhat fine oolitic, with small angular grains in parts. Powder of a dark reddish-brown color, like "Spanish Brown." Specific gravity Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 87.00 -60.90 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - .60 Phosphoric acid, - . 68 Brown oxide of manganese, - .65 Magnesia, - - -82 Potash, - - .30 Soda, - - - .21 Sulphur, a trace. Combined water, - - - 6.59 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 3.47 100.32 The air-dried ore lost three per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. This specimen was examined with great care, by a variety of pro- cesses, to detect the presence of injurious ingredients, and none are found in it in objectionable quantities. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The true reason of the difficulty experienced in the smelting of this ore is in its very purity; in the large amount of oxide of iron which it contains; in the absence of lime, and the small proportion of the materials which fuse together to form the slag or cinder; without a suf- ficient quantity of which, in the iron furnace, the reduced iron is not protected from the oxydating influence of the blast. This ore could easily be worked into good iron by mixing it with a proper proportion of earthy (silicious and aluminous) materials, and of limestone, or by using it with ores which are less rich in oxide of iron. No. 37-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Impracticable hard Limestone Ore, four feet thick over the limestone, Pennsylvania Furnace, in Greenup county, Ky." Fresh ftacture, dark reddish-brown; exterior, silver-grey, from the presence of a whitish incrustation or cement, between the fine crystal- line grains of which the mineral is mainly composed, and which give it a somewhat sparkling appearance, like a fine-grained impure cocco- lite. Some of the grains are reddish, and apparently translucent, but they are generally of a dried blood-brown color, and opaque, imbedd- ed in the white cementing materiaL Powder of a lilac grey color; that of portions inclined to bufE Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, , 72- 6 39.42 per Lent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - - 7.42, Carbonate of lime, - - - 3.17 Carbonate of magnesia, - 2.80 Carbonate of manganese, 1.18 Pbospboric acid, - - .04 Sulphur, - - - .15 Alumina, - - 1.97 Potash, . ..32 Soda, . ..10 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 9.47 Water and loss, - .62 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 0.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. This ore would also yield good iron in profitable proportion, if prop- erly fluxed. Like the preceding, it contains rather too small a propor' 284 CEMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 285 tion of the ingredients which make cinder. It is probably very fusi- ble into a black slag, when suddenly heated alone in the high fur- nace. No. 38-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Impracticable part of Lime- stone Ore, Pennsylvania Furnace, G(reenup county, Ky. (Does it contain sulphur, zinc, arsenic, or other impurities)" Resembles the preceding as to its granular and concretionary char- acters, but is more sparkling, apparently from the presence of minute spangles of mica. Powder of a brownish-buffcolor. Specific gravity, -3.176 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - 78.51) Oxide of iron, -5- - rco7 Carbonate of lime, - 2.36 Carbonate of magnesia, 2.81 Carbonate of manganese, 1.11 Alumina, - - 1.77 Phosphoric acid, - .04 Potash, - -.17 Soda, - -.64 Silica and insoluble silicates, 4.87 Sulphur, a mere trace. Water and loss, - - 2.16 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 0.8 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. The remarks appended to the preceding ore are equally applicable to this. No. 39-LtrnsroNx. Labeled "Limestone used as a jIur, Pennsylva- nia Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dark grey limestone, pretty compact, sparkling with minute crys- talline facets, and containing a few organic remains, the most conspic- uous of which, in the small specimen examined, is a portion of a very small encrinal stem. 'Other ores were received from this furnace, but the limited time allotted to the chemical investigation prevented their analysis for the presenL CDD4ICAL REFORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 212' F.- 2.776 Carbonate of lime, 95.26 Carbonate of magnesia, -- -2.74 Oxide of iron, alumina, trace of phosphate of lime, 1.27 Potash, ----.09 Soda, -- - .08 Silica and insoluble silicates,- - - -.67 100.000 The air-dried rock lost 1. per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. Quite a pure carbonate of lime; but which, in view of the general richness and purity of the Pennsylvania furnace ores, is not as well suited for use there, as a flux, as a limestone which contains a larger proportion of extraneous ingredients. No. 40-IRoN FURNACE SLAG. Labeled "Dark purple Slay, produced when making soft grey iron; Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup co., Ky." A glass of a dark, smoky, purple color, when seen through thin edges. Of somewhat difficult fusion before the plow-pipe; in the oxy- dating flame swelling up and becoming white because of the formation in it of numerous small air bubbles. With soda, gave the manganese re-action; with borax, that of iron. In fine powder, which is white, hydrochloric acid decomposed it perfectly, after digestion in the sand- bath. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212- Silica, - - Lime, - - Magnesia, - Protoxide of iron, - Protoxide of manganese, Alumina, - - Potash, - - Soda and loss, - - 2.807 - - 65.6o - 27.10 - 1.96 - 1.67 - .27 - - 12.30 - . 1.73 - .08 100.00 Containing oxygen, - 28.667 7.706 .779 .348 .060 '6.749 11 .293 .020 14.966 : 28.567 Oxygen, in the bases and in tbe silica, nearly as - 1. : 1.91 The composition of this cinder approaches, very nearly, to what is called a bi-silicate, i. e., a silicate in which the oxygen in the silica is just double that contained in the base, or bases, combined with it. A very trifling addition of limestone would produce a perfect bi-silicate, 286 CHKMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 287 which is considered the model cinder for charcoal furnaces This, how- ever, is sufficiently near it for all practical purposes. No. 41-IRON FuRNACE SLAG. Labeled "Pea-green cellular cinder, produced when making strong grey iron of a closer texture than with the dark bottle cinder, but furnace making more iron; Pennsylvania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A pea-greenish-grey colored slag, full of bubbles of various sizes, from very minute up to the size of an almond kernel. Powder nearly white. Before the blow-pipe, fuses, with some difficulty, into a bottle- green glass. Composition, dried at 212' F.- Silica, 60.64 Containing of oxygen, 31.846 Lime, -14.65 4.166 Magnesia, - - - 2.55 1.019 Alumina, - - - 13.30 6.217 Protoxide of iron, 4.62 1.025 Protoxide of manganese, .88 .198 Potash, - - - 2.65 .432 Soda, -.81 .076 100.00 13.135 31.846 Oxygen nearly as- - 1. 2.42 No. 42-PIGr-ON. Labeled "Pig-iron, Pennsylvania Furnace, Green- up county, Ky." A moderately fine-gmained grey cast-iron; flattens a little under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces; yields easily to the file and the cold chisel. Specific gravity, -..770 Composition- Iron, -92.08 Combined carbon, 3.03 Total carbon, - - - 3.93 Manganese, .36 Silicon, - - - - 2.91 Slag, ---- .16 Aluminium, .07 Magnesium, . .24 Potassium, .12 Phosphorus, sulphur, and loss, .13 100.00 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 43-CoA. Labeled "Four feet Coal, about twenty feet above the block ore, including one foot of bituminous shale; sixteen inches of coal above the shale; twenty inches of coal below the shale. Pennsyl- vania Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Rather dull looking coal, breaking readily into laminse, which are separated by fibrous coal with vegetable impressions, which are gener- ally infiltrated with pyritous matter. Heated over the spirit lamp it decrepitated, softened, and swelled up into a light spongy coke. Ap- pears to be a coking coal. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 6.00t To Volatile combustible matters, - 34.201 Carbon in the coke, - - - 66.20 M Asbes, (dark purple-grey,) - 3.601 Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, - Carbon in the coke,- Ashes, The per centage of sulphur was found to tained only a trace of sulphate of lime. 1.287 'tal volatile matters, - 40.20 3oderately dense coke, - 59.80 100.00 - 36.383 - 59.787 - 3.830 100.000 be 1.694. The ashes con- No. 44-LnOrITru. Labeled "Black vein, twenty feet under the three feet co(d; Buena Vista Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A heavy, compact mineral, presenting irregular veins and mottling of a dark grey color, in a dark red-brown mass. Powder of a light snuff-brown color. Specific gravity, - 3.044 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - 61. 46.51 percent. of Iron. Carbonate of iron, - - 7.48 Carbonate of lime, - - 2.15 Carbonate of magnesia, - 2.02 Carbonate of manganese, - 2.93 Alumina, - - 2.27 Potash,- - .4 Combined water and loss, - 10.29 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 11.23 Sulphur, a trace. 100.00 288 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 289 The air-dried ore lost 1.7 per cent of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 45-LDIONIT& Labeled "Yellowt Kidneq Ore, thirty feel above the three feel coal, Birena Vista Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Of a dark brown color of various shades; exterior, and some portion of the mass and cavities in the interior, ochreou3, yellow, and soft. Specific gravity, - 3.132 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - - - 68.10 _ 47.69 per cent. of Jron. Alumina, - - - - 2.93 Phosphoric acid, - - - .43 Oxide of manganese, - - 1.64 Magnesia, - - - - .67 Potash,. .54 Soda, .13 Combined water, - - - 11.67 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 13.05 Carbonic acid and loss, - - .84 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.5 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 46-LImoN'rrsf Labeled "Earthy Kidney Ore, thirty feet over the three feet coal, Buena Vista Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." An earthy looking ore, adhering to the tongue; color, varying in layers, from dirty reddish-brown to dirty yellow ochre. Specific gravity about- - 3. Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - 58.90 - 41.24 per cent. of Iron. Alamina, - - 415 Carbonate of lime, - 3.15 Oxide of manganese, - .97 Magnesia, - - 2.40 Potash,- - .58 Soda, - -.47 Combined water, - 11.26 Silica, and insoluble silicates, - 17.87 Loss, - -.25 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.3 per cent of moisture when dried at 2120. 37 290 CnmCAL REORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 47-ION FuRNACE SLAG. Labeled "Dark Classy Cinder, Buena Vista Furnace, Creenup county, Ky." A perfect glass, of a smoky-purplish tint when viewed through the thin edges. Fusing rather more easily than the previously described ones; like No. 64 swells up in the oxidating flame by the formation of numerous air bubbles, which give it a white appearance. Specific gravity,- - Composidion, dried at 2U2V- Silica, - - - 6.90 Containing oxygen, 29.644 Lime, - -13.20 3.753 Magnesia, - - 3.46 1.383 Alumina, - - 20.50 9.682 Protoxide of iron, - 2.43 .539 Protoxide of manganese, - .61 .115 Potash, - - - 3.16 A .536 Soda, - - - .36 .092 100 52 16.000 29.544 Oxygen nearly as - -1. 1.86 No. 48-PiG-IRON. Labeled "Pig-iron, Buena Vista Furnace, Green- up county, Ky." A grey iron of a much finer texture than No. 41; extends some- what under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces; yields easily to the file and the cold chisel. Specific gravity, - 6.903 Composition- Iron,- - - 91.88 Graphite, - 1.65 Total carbon, - - .8o Combined carbon, - 3.16 Silicon, - - - 3.27 Manganese, - .36 Slag, - - - .30 Alumininum, - .07 Traces of phosphorus and sulphur. 100.67 No. 49-CARBON rTE OF IRON. Labeled "Grey Limestone Ore, Beue- fonte Furnace, Creenup county, Ky." A dark bluish-grey ore; porous; adhering somewhat to the tongue; friable; appearing to be made of small grainsu the color of which varies CHEMICAL DEOT OF GEOLOQ[CAL lUTVEY. from dark yellowish to black, un light grey color. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - - Oxide of iron, Carbonate of lime, - - - Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Alumina, Phosphoric acid, Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Water, bitumous water, and loss, nited by a whitish cement Powder, 62.248 2.681 2.75 3.43 1.12 5.45 .64 .44 .15 18.17 3.33 100.00 - 31.93 per cent. of Iron. The air-dried ore lost 0.6 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. This ore resembles No. 36 in structure and composition, but contains less iron and more silica and alumina, which renders it more manageable in the furnace. No. 50-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled 'Blue Limestone Ore, Belle- fonte Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A porous, granular ore; adhering to the tongue; of a dirty buff- grey color. Powder, dirty buff color. (This paper contained another specimen, which seemed to be a limonite not analyzed.) Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212'- Carbonate of iron, - . 56.68 Oxide of iron, - 4.86 Carbonate of lime, - - 2.95 Carbonate of magnesia, - 2.17 Carbonate of manganese, 1.68 Alumina, - - - .26 Potash, - -.44 Soda, .38 Silica and insoluble silicates1 30.10 Water, trace of phosphoric acid, and lose, - - - .69 3.011 30.74 per cent of Iron. 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 0.1 per ocent. of moiswe when dried at 2120 F. 291 292 CHRMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 51-Limnmon. Labeled "Limestone used as a flux at Bellefonte Furnace, when wvorking best, Greenup county, hy." A grey, fine-gianular limestone, containing organic remains, (uni- valve and by-valve sbells,) and glimmering with minute crystals of calcareous spar. Powder nearly white. Specific gravity, - - 2.687 Composition, dried at 212- Carbonate or lime, - 97.17 Carbonate of magnesia, 1.39 Oxide of iron, alumina, and a trace of phosphates, 1.17 Potash, - -.11 Soda, -.09 Silicious residue, - -- .55 100.00 Dried at 2120 it lost only 0.4 per cent. of moisture. No. 52-IaON FuFtN4CE SLAG. Labeled "Cinder, produced at Belle- fonte Furnace, wcian workng best, Grensip wounty, Ky." A glassy cinder, of a smoky-purple color when viewed through the thin edges; before the blow-pipe, fused more easily tlan thoEe previ- ously examined, swelling up and becoming white by the formation of numerous bubbles. Composition- Silica, - - -2.20 Containing oxygen, 27.104 Lime, - - - 17.16 3.086 Magnesia, - - 3.25 1.299 Alumina, - - - 23.30 10.911 Protoxide of iron, - .16 .045 Protozide of manganese, - .27 .061 Potash, - - - 2.20 .373 Soda, - - - .91 " .283 Loss, .56 100.00 16.007 27.104 Oxygen as - 1. 1.69 NO. 53-PIG-iRoN. Labelled "Pig Iron produced from the limestone ore, Bellefonte Furnace, Greenup county, Kentucky." Coarser grained than No. 41, and rather darker grey; flattens a lit- tle under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces; yields easily to the file. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SUTRVEY. Specific gravity, Composition- Iron, - - Graphite, - Combined carbon, Manganese, - Silicon, - - Slag, - - Aluminium, - Potassium, - Sodium, - Magnesium, - 94.54 - 2.251 Total carbon, - - 1.08J - .35 - 1.26 - .18 - - - .08 - .21 - .03 - .17 100.15 No. 54-LrmoNITo Labeled "Main Block Ore; ten to twelve inches thick over the impure ("bastard") limestone, near top of kills, Bitalo Fur;,ace, Gramp county, Ecntucky." A dark brown, pretty compact limoni'e, with the appearance of in- filtiated calcareous srar throughout it; exterior of the layer earthy, ochreous. Powder of a brownisb-yellow ochre color. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - Carbonate of lime, Phosphate of alumina, Magnesia, - - Oxide of manganese, Phosphoric acid, Potash, Soda, - . Silica and insoluble silicates, Water and loss, 3.124 - 49.45 - 7.35 - .45 - 2.58 - 1.15 - 1.53 - .69 .19 - 25.65 - 10.96 100.00 34.63 per cent. of Iron. The air dried ore lost 1.4 per cent. of moisture when dried at 212 F. No. 45-LmoNm Labeled "Little Block Ore, over the Main Block, near tops of hills, Buffalo Furnace, Creenup county, Ky." A dull looking, reddsh-brown ore, porous, adhering to the tongue; presenting the appearance of horizontal stratification; contains a few spangles of mica- Powder of a reddish-iron-rust color. 6.915 - 3.33 293 294 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 3.176 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - - 66.90 _ 46.85 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - 2.65 Oxide of manganese, - .65 Magnesia, .33 Phosphoric acid, .25 Potash, - - - .27 Soda, - - - .31 Combined water, - 8.79 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 19.75 Loss, - - - .10 100.00 The air-dried ore lost .2 per cent. of moisture when dried at 212. No. 56-LmomN. Labeled "Block Kidney Ore, over the Main Block Ore, near tops of kills, Buffalo Furnace, Creenup county, Ky." The specimen is a portion of a mass with curved layers of different shades of color, from reddish-brown to yellow-ochre; friable, porous, adhering to the tongue. Powder of a yellowish-brown or snuff color. Specific gravity, - 2.845 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - - 63.50 = 44.54 per cent. of iron. Alumina, - - 3.55 Oxide of manganese. - 1.95 Magnesia, - .40 Potash, - - - - .34 Soda, ---- .17 Combined water, - - - 12.05 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 17.95 Trace of phosphoric acid and loss, .09 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.3 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 57-LioN.rrE. Labeled "Dark brown-red variety of Little Block Ore, over Main Block Ore, Buffalo Ore Banks, Greenup coundy, Ken- tuc4y." A dull, reddish-brown porous limonite, adhers to the tongue; con- tain minute whitish epecks. Powder, dark red-brown color. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 293 Specific gravity, - 3.120 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - - - 60.50 - 42.35 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of manganese, - 3.15 Alumina, - - 2.95 Magnesia, - - .40 Potash, - - - - .19 Soda, ---- .37 Combined water, - - - 6.95 Silica and insoluble silicates. - 25.35 Trace of phosphoric and loss, - .14 100.000 The air-dried ore lost 2.2 per cent. of moisture when dried at 212 F. No. 58-Lwomrs Labeled "Main Block ore, Biefalo Furnace, over impure (bastard) ldmestone, tops of hills, Greenup county, Ky." Irregular form, concretionary; exterior dirty yellow ochre; interior dark reddish-brown; adheres to the tongue; large porous or cellular; contains small spangles of mica. Powder of a brownish-yellow color. Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 70.30 _ 49.23 percent. of Iron. Alumina, - - 2.15 Magnesia, - - - .37 Oxide of manganese, - .75 Potash, - - - - .17 Soda, .. .16 Combined water, - - - 11.76 Silica and lisolublc silicates, - 13.95 Loss, .39 200.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.4 per cent. of moisuire when dried at 212g. No. 59-LimoNmm- Labeled "Rough Sandy Block Ore, on the top of the hill near Little Sandy, Macalister or Bnfjalo ore bank, Greenup county, Kentucky." A dirty yellowish-brown ore; granular; porous; adhering firmly to the tongue; sparkling with small scales of mica. Powder, lighteryel- lowish-brown. C29MICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - Alumina, - - Oxide of manganese, Magnesia, - - Combined water, - - Silica and insoluble silicates, Phosphoric acid, a trace. Potasb, - - - 3.303 - 63-20 - 1.95 - 1.15 - .74 - 10.30 - 22.35 - 44.26 per cent. of Iron. - .58 100.13 The air-dried ore lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. No. 60-CARBONATE OF IRON. Block Ore, near top of hills, Kenthcky." Labeled "Grey Block Ore, above Main Bufalo Ore Banks, Greenup county, Interior portion dark-grey, resembling a limestone, sparkling with confused crystalline plates; on the exterior portion, to the depth of two inches or more, of a dark reddisb-brown color. Some appearance of univalve shells. Powder, of interior portion, light yellowish-grey. Specific gravity,- 3.106 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Carbonate of iron, 46.401 -28.20 per cent. of Irom Oxide of iron, - - 8.281 Carbonate of lime, - - 32.15 Carbonate of magnesia, - 3.26 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.24 Alumina, - - - .35 Potash, -.23 Soda, -.17 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 2.67 Water, bituminous matter, and loss, -5.35 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 0.2 per cent. 2120 F. of moisture when dried at NO. 61-IMPrRE CARBONATE OF Iito. Labeled "Impure (bastard) Limestone, under the Main Block ore, high up in the hills, Buffalo Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Of a dark grey color; granular, with spots and infiltrations between 296 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. the grains of dark and greenish; sparkling with minute crystal- line plates, as of calcareous spar, and the ends of portions of small encrinal stems. Powder of a light buff color. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212- Carbonate of iron, - - 23.56 e Carbonate of lime, - - 67.33 Carbonate of magnesia, - 4.82 Carbonate of manganese, - .41 Alumina, A.4B Potash, - - - - .23 Soda,---- .10 Silica and insoluble silicates, 1.99 Water and trace of phosphoric acid, -1.08 100.00 -- 2.864 11.35 per cent. of Iron. The air-dried ore lost only 0.1 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. This would doubtless be very useful to mix with more sili- cious or aluminous ores, for the purpose of fluxing, instead of the pure limestone. No. 62-LLNvsroNu Labeled "Limestone used as a flux, Buffalo Fur- nace, Greentp county, Ky." A fine granular limestone, of a light grey color, containing petre- factions. Specific gravity, -2.669 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Alumina, oxide of iron, and phosphates,- - - Potash, - - - - - - - - - - Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, 81.55 2.44 .36 .09 .02 15.56 100.00 The air-dried rock lost only 0.1 per cent. of moisture when dried at 212. 38 297 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 63-LOIESTON-E. Labeled "Limestone used as a flur, at Buralo Furnace, nearly on a level with th7e Lick Branch of Little Sandy, Greenup co'nfq/, Ky." A greenisb-grey, fine granular limestone; between the layers pre- senting a somewhat marly appearance. Specific gravity, - - - Composition, dried at 212- F. Carbonate of lime, - - - Carbonate of magnesia, - - Alumina, oxide of iron, Ac., Potash, - - Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, - - 2.688 -- 87.97 -- 2.72 - - 1.85 -- .20 - - .58 - - 7.15 100.47 The air-dried rock lost 0.2 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 64-IRON FURNACE SLAG. Labeled "Purple glass cinder, pro duced at Buffalo Furnace, when naAking soft ii-on, Greenup county, Ky." A perfectly vitrified slag, of one-fourth of an inch thick; pr ing into a white globule full of Composition- Silica, - - - - Lime, Magnesia, - - - Alumina, - - Protoxide of iron, Protoxide of manganese, Potash, - - - Soda, Oxygen as, - - - No. 65-IRON FURNACE SLAG. a purple color, transparent in pieces etty fusible before the blow-pipe; melt- air bubbles. - 56.10 - 24.18 - 1.40 - 13.90 - 2.07 - .55 - 2.16 .39 100.75 Containing oxygen, 6.87 56 6.49 .45 .12 .36 .. .10 14.95 - - 1. 29.13 : 29.13 : 1.96 Labeled "Purple compact cinder, pro- duced uhen making soft grey iron, Bqfalo Furnace, Greensep county, Ky b" Differs but little from the preceding in appearance and properties. 298 CHEMICAL ]REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 299 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Silica,- - 65.90 Containing oxygen, 29.02 Lime, - - - 25.42 7.23 Magnesia, - - 1.30 .52 Alumina, - - 13.40 6.26 Protoxide of iron, - 1.01 .22 Protoxide of manganese, - .83 .18 Potash,- - - 1.27 .16 Soda, - - - .63 .23 Loss, - - - .24 100.00 14.80 29.02 Oxygen nearly as- - - . 1.96 No. 36-Tlaos FURNACE SLAo. Labeled, "Pea-green cinder, produced when Bqffalo Furnace is making much iron, but of a medium closer terture th/wu chen purple cinder is formed, Greenup county, Ky." A vesicular slag containing fragments of reduced iron; not quite as fusible before the blow-pipe as the two preceding; melting into a com- pact glass of a rather darker green color. Composition, dried at 212'- Silica,- 67.90 Containing oxygen, - 30.06 Lime, - - - 17.56 4.89 Magnesia, - - 2.30 1.00 Alumina, - - 13.97 6.53 Protoxide of iron, - 6.03 2.00 Protoxide of manganese, - 1.02 .22 Potash, - - - 1.04 .17 Soda, - - - .18 .05 100.00 14.86 30.06 Oxygen as,- - 1. 2.01 Lime being rather deficient in proportion in this slag, its place is supplied by protoxide of iron, causing some loss of this metal, and probably producing a less pure iron than when the two preceding "cin- ders" are formed. No. 67-PiG-rnoN. Labeled "Medium Textured Pig-iron, produced at Buffalo Furnace when making pea-green cinder, and yielding much iron, Greenup county, Ky." A rather fine grained, dark grey iron; flattens a little under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces; yields easily to the file, rather a strong iron. 300 CEEMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 7.086 Composition- Iron, - 93.12 Graphite, - - - 3.10 Total carbon, - 3.75 Combined carbon, - .65 Silicon, - 1.06 Slag, .14 Manganese, - - .18 Aluminium, - - .03 Potassium, - - .15 Phosphorus,. - - .70 Traces of sulphur, magnesia and loss, - - .87 100.00 No. 68-Pi-iBoN. Labeled "High White Iron, Bufalo Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A very strong metal; fragments broken from the large piece with great difficulty; small fragments easily crushed under the hammer; hard enough to wear out the best file, to which it scarcely yields; very light colored and fine grained Specific gravity,- - - - - - 7.322 Composition- Iron, - --- 94.70 Graphite, c 2.201 Total carbon, - - 2.93 Combined carbon, - - - .75J Silicon,- - - - - - 60 Slag, -.26 Aluminium, - - - .06 Potassium, - - - - .14 Magnesium, - - - - .02 Phosphorus, - - - - .48 Traces of manganese, sulphur, and loss, - - - - .80 100.00 A pretty pure iron, containing, however, a little too much phospho- rus; a great portion of this might possibly be removed by judicious management in its convertion into bar iron. No. 69-Limonam Labeled "flag Ore, above the limestone, Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A porous, ochreous looking soft ore, in flat layers, with some portions of reddish and dark reddish brown; adhering firmly to the tongue. CHICAL ROOT 0F GEOLOGCAL SURVET. 301 Specific gravity, - 2.681 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 38.60 _ 26.96 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - 3.37 Magnesia, - - 1.20 Oxide of manganese, - .97 Potash, - - - - .66! Soda, ---- .10 Combined water, - - - 8.25 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 46.96 100.00 The air-dried soil lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. Remarkable for its large proportion of potash. It is possible, however, that some fortuitous circumstances caused an over estimate of this ingredient. Our limited time prevented the repetition of the pro- cess for the separation of the alkalies. No. 70-LIMONnT. Labeled "Big Block Ore, under the limestone, Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A moderately dense limonite, with irregular layers of rich reddish and yellowish ochreous oxide; the whole containing minute spangles of mica. Powder of a brownish-yellow color. Specific gravity,- 3.177 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 68.10 5 47.69 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - 2.17 Magnesia, - - - .91 Oxide of manganese, - .37 Potash, - - .48 Soda, - - - .07 Combined water, - - - 11.51 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 16.26 Loss,- - - .14 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1. per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 71-LrioNrm Labeled "Red Ochre, high up in the hils, Green- up Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A porous, friable ore, of a light red and yellow color, with some ad- mixture of grey. Powder of a light red color. 302 CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Composition, dried at 2I2 F.- Oxide of iron, - - - 26.60 18.62 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 2.37 Magnesia, - - - - .77 Oxide of manganese, - - .17 Potash, ..34 Soda, -.17 Combined water, - - - 5.68 Silica and insoluble silicates, . 63.90 Trace of phosphoric acid. 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.6 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 72-Linioxrra Labeled "Grey Limestone Ore, but no limestone unler it, Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ey." A dull, granular, and porous ore, adhering to the tongue; some grains of a dark color imbedded in a light colored cement, glimmering with a few minute spangles of mica; color, dark reddish-brown, with gray intermixed. Powder, dirty light reddish brown. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 212- F. Oxide of iron, - - 51.00 = 35.71 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - 2.27 Carbonate of lime, - - .47 Magnesia, - - - - 1.48 Oxide of manganese, - - .97 Potash, . 52 Soda, .28 Combined water, - - 9.81 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 33.65 Phosphoric acid, a trace. 100.45 The air- dried ore lost 2.2 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 7 3-LINiONITE. Labeled "Black Bed, Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking ore; color, reddish brown, with portions of yellowish and reddish-ochreous. The lens shows dark grains imbedded, and minute spangles of mica; adheres to the tongue. Powder of a dirty yellowish-brown color. CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Composition dried at 212o- Oxide of iron, - - - Alumina, - - - Carbonate of lime, Magnesia, - Oxide of manganese, Potash, Combined water, Silica and insoluble silicates, The air-dried ore lost 1.8 2120 F. - 67.50 - 47.27 per cent of iron. - 2.97 - .97 - 1.62 - 1.37 - .38 - 12.11 - 14.75 101.67 per cent. of moisture when dried at No. 74-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Limestone Ore, average qual- ity, lies on the limestone, Ureenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Ore of a variegated appearance; some parts dark reddish-brown, others yellowish-red, others dark grey; infiltrations of calcareous spar evident. Powder of dirty yellow ochre color. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, - Oxide of iron, - - Carbonate of lime, - Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Alumina, - - - Potash, - - - Soda, - - - - Silica and insoluble silicates, Phosphoric acid, a trace. The air-dried ore lost 0.3 212' F. - 3.582 -4 1.98t - 44.66 - 4.35 - 1.84 - .86 - .55 - .27 - .67 - 5.15 43.65 per cent. of Iron. 100.33 per cent. of iiJaistnre when dried at No. 75-CARBONATE OF IRoN. Labeled, "Limiestone Ore, best quality, rusting on the limestone, Grcenup Furnace, Greentip couinty, Ky." A pretty compact ore; cellular in parts; varying in color, in por- tions, from dark brown and dark grey, to ochreous yellow; showing fine spangles of mica under the lens. Powder of a reddish-bugL, or dirty salmon color. 303 304 CHMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, 3.445 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - 70.39 43.20 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - - 13.14 Carbonate of lime, - - 4.75 Carbonate of magnesia, - 4.68 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.46 Alumina, - - - .37 Phosphoric acid, - - .18 Potash, -.19 Soda, -.05 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 2.45 Water and loss, - - 2.34 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 0.3 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. No. 76.-LBWESToN, (nipuxa) Labeled "Grey Limestone Ore, lies on the limiestone, Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." External appearance like that of a dull grey granular limestone; some calcareous spar in parts; minute dark grains in a whitish cement are evident by the lens; adheres to the tongue. Specific gravity, - - - - 2.803 Composition, dried at 212 F- Carbonate of lime, - - - 71.45 Carbonate of iron, - - - 13.19 Oxide ofio,. 7.45 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of Iron, - - -1.66 Carbonate of magnesia, - 3.73 Carbonate of manganese, - .51 Potash, ..19 Soda, ---- .10 Alumina, - - - - .47 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 7.33 Water and loss, - - - 1.47 100.00 The air-dried rock lost 0.5 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120 F. No. 77-LnrsTorws. Labeled, "Liniestone used as a Flux, at Green- up Fnrinace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking, light grey, fine granular limestone, with organic re- mains, and small portions of calcareous spar. COfiCAL RBRT OF GEOLGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of lime, - - Carbonate of magnesia, Alumina, oxide of iron, &c., Potasb, - - . - Soda, - Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, - - - - The air-dried limestone lost 0.3 per cent. of 212. moisture when dried at No. 78-IRON FURNACE SLAO. Labeled "Cinder produced at the Green- up Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A perfectly vitrified slag, of a smoky-purple color; containing very few bubbles; fusing readily bekre the blow-pipe into a white blebby globule. Specific gravity, - - Compouiriun, dried at 212- Silica, Li me, MaXgnesia. Alumina, Protoxide of iron, Protoxide of manganese, Potash, Sod a, Traces ofphosphoric acid and los - . - 2.680 - 55.54 - 19 n2 2 09 16 54 - 2 10 - .69 - 2.30 - .14 s, .08 100 52 Oxygen nearly as - Containing oxygen, ,.. s6.d 1.07 7.73 .46 .15 .39 .092 28.84 16.49 : 28 84 1. : 1.86 No. 79-Pi-rao. Labeled "Pigiron produced at Greenup Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dark grey iron of medium coarse texture; flattens a little under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces; yields easily to the file. 39 2.977 91.60 2.63 1.15 .13 .10 3.97 .62 100.00 305 CHEMICAL REPORT OF OEOLWGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, Composition- Iron, - - Graphite, - Silicon,- - Slag, - - Manganese, - Aluminium, - Magnesium, - Potassium, - Phosphorus, - Sulphur, - Loss, - - - 91.29 - 3.13 - - 3.57 - - - .22 - .48 - .30 - - - .18 - - .05 - .67 - .05 - .06 100.00 - Total carbon. No. 80-LimoNnn Labeled "3Soft Limestone Ore over the Ferrufginous Limestone, Raccoon ore bank, Creenup county, Ky., (middle bed of ore two-thirds of way up the hilt.") A triable, porous ore; adhering to the tongue; color from deep red- dish-brown, to reddish-grey and light-grey; some portions yellowish. Powder dirty red-brown color. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, Alumina, Carbonate of lime, - Magnesia, - Oxide of manganese, Potash, - - - Soda, Combined water, - Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, The air-dried ore lost 2.8 2120 F. - 3.019 - 65.30 - 2.65 - .47 - .86 = 47.82 per cent of Iron. - 1.55 - .22 - .10 - 4.93 - 23.67 .25 100.00 per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 81-LDioNrn. Labeled "Block Ore, Raccoon Ore Banks, Green- up county, Ky." A dull looking limonite; dark brownish-red, with shades of lighter; porous; adhering to the tongue. Powder good Spanish brown color. 6.877 306 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 307 Specific gravity, - 2.766 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 76.20 -63.36 per cenL of Iron. Alumina, - - 2.24 Magnesia, - - 1.96 Oxide of manganese, - 1.00 Potash, - - .33 Soda,- - - .10 Combined water, - 7.60 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 11.27 100.60 The air-dried ore lost 3.4 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. Besides its use as a very good iron ore, this mineral, ground to fine powder, could be employed for painting, as Spanish brown or Venetian red, according to its shade of color. These common iron pig- ments, not very pleasant in color, it is true, are known by experience to be amongst the best preservatives amongst the paints, for exposed wood-work. Several of the ores examined could be employed as pig- ments. No. 82-LIONITL. Labeled "Block Ore, attached to the ferruginous limestone, under the one foot of sandstone, Raccoon Ore Banks, Green- up county, Ky." A dull looking dark reddish-brown ore, with some small interspers- ed portions of ochreous yellow; porous; adhering to the tongue, but pretty dense; contains minute spangles of mica. Powder, dull Vene- tian red color. Specific gravity, -3.26 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 71.90- 50.36 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - 1.67 Magnesia, - - 1.13 Oxide of manganese, - 1.35 Carbonate of lime, - .27 Potasb, - -.24 Soda, - -.06 Phosphoric acid, - .25 Combined water, - 9.22 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 14.17 100.26 308 CMTCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost 2.4 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 8-Limorm Labeled "Main Upper Kidney Ore, in the yellow shales, over the black shales, Raccoon Ore Banks, high up in the hils, Greenup county, Ky." In curved layers, sometimes around a nucleus; color from dark red- dish-brown to reddish-ochreous-yellow; pretty dense, yet adheres slight- ly to the tongue. Powder of a dark reddish-brown color. Specific gravity, - 3.547 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - 80.60 56.44 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - .87 Oxide of manganese, - .77 Magnesia, - .40 Potash, - - - .21 Soda, - - - .35 Combined water, - 9.51 Silica and insoluble silicates, 6.97 Loss,- - .37 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.1 2120 F. per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 84-LD rEs1omr Labeled "Lime8soe from Old Town creek, used as a flux, Raccoon Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull yellowish-greenish, granular limestone; the tongue. Powder of a light buff color. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212' F.- Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Alumina, oxide of iron, &c., Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, adhering slightly to 2.687 - - 61.96 - . 2.35 - - 4.95 - . .25 - . .24 - - 30.17 - - .09 100.00 The air-dried rock lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212. CunCAL RKPOET OF GEOLOGITOAL SUREY. No. 85-IRoN FURNACE SLAG. Labeled "Dark Purple Slag, made at Raccoon Furnace, when producing 8oft grey iron, Greenup co., Ky." Perfectly vitrified; color, smoky purple, seen through thin frag- ments; free from bubbles; before blow-pipe fuses pretty easily into a white blebby globule. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 212 F.- Silica, Lime, - - - - Magnesia, - - - Alumina, - - - Protoxide of iron, - - Protoxide of manganese, - Potash, Soda, - - - Loss, - - - - Oxygen nearly as A very good slag. 2.722 - 66.70 - 24.24 - 4.41 - 11.48 - 1.02 - .53 - 1.37 - .13 - .12 100.00 Containing oxygen. 6.89 1.76 6.39 .22 .12 .23 ,I .03 29.44 14.63 : 29.44 - 1. : 2.01 No. 86-IRON FURNACE SLuo. Labeled "Green and Purple Porous Iight Cinder, produced at Raccoon Furnace when working best, Green- up county, Ky." Opaque, and spongy from the presence of myriads of minute air bub- bles; general color greenish-grey, some portions purplish; containing some small particles of reduced iron; in some spots it is brownish, from the presence of peroxide of iron; before the blow-pipe it appears not quite as fusible as the preceding, melting into a clear glass. Composition- Silica, 61.84 Containing oxygen, 32.11 Lime, - - - 18.34 5 5.21 Magnesia, 2.40 0.96 Alumina, - - 13.00 6.07 Protoxide of iron, 2.97 .66 Protouide of manganese, .31 .07 Potash, - - - 1.08 .18 Soda, -.15 .04 Trace of phosphoric acid. 100.09 13.19 Oxygen in the proportion of- - - - 1. A slag of more difficult fusion than any of the preceding. : 32.11 2.43 309 310 CHEMNCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 87-PIG-IRoN. Labeled "Soft Grey Iron, produced at Raccoon Furnace, when making dark purple cinder, Greenup county, Ky." A brilliant specimen; of medium fine texture; of a grey color; yields easily to the file, but scarcely flattens under the hammer before it breaks to pieces; more easily powdered than any of the preceding specimens; dissolves sluggishly in diluted hydrochloric acid. Specific gravity, - 6.898 Composition- Iron, - - - - 90.18 Graphite, 2.801 Total carbon, - - 3.80 Combined carbon, - T -1.00 Silicon, - - - - - 6.13 Slag, . . . . .93 Manganese, .59 Aluminium, .08 Potassium,- - - - .05 Magnesium, - .07 Phosphorus, .37 Sulphur, .01 101.21 Contains quite a large proportion of silicon and slag. No. 88-PIG-IRoN. Labeled "Pitiron of medium texture, produced when pea-green cinder is formed, Raccoon Furnace, Greenup co., Ky." Rather coarser grained, and darker colored, and less brilliant than the preceding; yields easily to the file; flattens a little more under the hammer than 86; is somewhat tougher, yet easily hammered to powder. Specific gravity, -6.798 Composition- Iron, - - - - 91.B5 Graphite, - - - 2.401 Total carbon, - - 3.13 Combined carbon, .73 Silicon, - - - 3.55 Slag, - - - .51 Manganese, - - - - .18 Aluminium, - - - - .09 Potassium, .0; Magnesium, - - - - .08 Phospborus, - - - - .34 Sulphur, - - - .04 Loss,. . .. .17 100.00 CHMICAL REORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 89-Pi-iRoN. Labeled "Tigh Iron, produced when furnace ia working 869f, especially iMth grey block ore, Raccoon Furnace, Green- vp county, Ky." Lighter colored, finer grained, and more compact than the two pre- ceding specimens; yields with difficulty to the file; not sensibly flatten- ed under the hammer, but very easily crushed to powder. Specific gravity, -6.867 Composition- Iron, -88.67 Graphite, car- 2-26 Total carbon, - - 4.25 Combined carbon, - - -2.00 Silicon, - - - - - 6.88 Slag, -.47 Manganese, - - - - .63 Aluminium, - - - - .15 Potassium, - - - - .03 Magnesium, - - - - .16 Phosphorus, - - - .44 Sulphur, (not estimated.) 101.67 Contains an unusually large proportion of silicon. Is probably pro- duced when the cinder has not the right composition to give it a pro- per degree of fusibility, and when the furnace has been urged to its greatest heat. No. 90-CoA. Labeled "Thirty-Inch Coal, three hundred fed above Raccoon creek, one nile north-east of Raccoon Furnace, Greenup county, Ky. A slaty coal; rather tough; of a dull black appearance, except on the cross fracture of the thin layers; these are coated with (fibrous coal, which shows vegetable impressions, and is infiltrated with pyrites. Heated over the spirit-lamp it decrepitated strongly; swelled up some- what, but not sufficient to show that it is a coking coal. It is a splint coal. Specific gravity. 1.320 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - .9 Total volatile matters, -41.20 Volatile combustible matters, 37.30T Carbon in the coke, - - - 50.20o) M Ashes,' (Ipihg.4) - .6 oderately dense cokre, - 58.80 Abes, (purplish-grey1) 0-8.601 100.00 100.00 311 312 CHEMICAL RENORT OF GDIOWG1CAL BUMnB. Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, 38.814 Carbon in the coke, - -- 52237 Ashes, --8.949 100.000 The per centage of sulphur was founad to be 1.448. The ashes con- tained scarcely a trace of sulphate of lime. No. 91-CoAL Labeled "Underpart of eight to ten-inch coal in the bed of Raccoon creek, three hundred and thirty feet under main ore bahk of Raccoon Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking coal of a slaty structure; fibrous coal with vegetable impressions on the layers; cross fracture deep black color, and moder- ate pitch-like lustre; no appearance of pyrites or other impurities; out- side part with an earthy or ochreous incrustation. Over the spirit- lamp, decrepitated slightly; swelled up somewhat, but did not soften much nor agglutinate. A splint coal. Specific gravity,- 1.393 Composition, dried at the ordiLary temperature- Moisture, - - - 5 20 Total volatile matters, 35.50 Volatile combustible matters, - 30 3ux Carbon in the coke, - - -653. Carbonaceous residue, 64.50 Asbes, (nearly white,) - 9 20 100.00 I10.00 Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, - 31 962 Carbon in the fixed residue, 58-333 Ashes, -9.705 100.000 The proportion of niphur is only 0.453. The ashes contained merely a trace of sulphate of lime. This is quite a dry splint coal, which scarcely swells or agglutinates when exposed to heat; hence it would answer for the smelting of iron without previous coking. With such a coal as this, and the hot blast, the cheaper kinds of iron for common purposes, such as railroad iron, can be most economically mnade CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 92-SANDsTONE. Labeled "Sandstone under Main Coal, at Rac- coon Furnace, used for hearth stones, Greenup county, Ky." A fine gained friable sandstone of a light buff color; composed of rounded grains of sand, with a few minute scales of mica; a little oxide of iron, and little or no cementing material. Specific gravity, -2.151 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Sand, - 97.80 Alumina, oxide of iron, &tc.,- .53 Carbonate of lime, -.07 Carbonate of magnesia, -.25 Potash, a trace. Moisture and loss, -1.55 100.00 As it is nearly pure silex, it is well adapted to withstand a high tem- perature without melting. Pure silex can be fused only by such a very high temperature as is produced by the oxy-hydrogen blow-pipe. The mixture with it of lime, magnesia, potash, oxide of iron, alumina and other bases, as is well known, causes it to melt at a much lower tem- perature to produce glass, enamel, slag, &c. No. 93-LtmNorm Labeled "Yellow Kidney Ore, Amanda Furnace, above the Main Coal, Greenup county, Ky." A pretty dense, dull looking ore; adheres somewhat to the tongue; color from dark reddish-brown to dirty ochre, in concentric veins, and stripes like the colors in some kinds of jasper. Powder of a dark buff, or dark, dirty, salmon color. Specific gravity, -3.011 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 66.50 - 39.56 per cent. of Iron. Carbonate of lime, - 7.27 Alumina, - - - - 2.95 Oxide of manganese, - 1.00 Magnesia, - - 2.30 Potash, - - - .26 Soda, - .11 Combined water, - 11.34 Silica and insoluble silicates, and trace of phosphoric acid, - 18.27 100.00 40 313 314 CEInXCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost 1.3 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120. No. 94-LimosiTr Labeled "Red and Blue mixed Block Ore, Amnan- da Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dark, reddish-brown, limonite; dull; porous; adhering to the tongue; some portions almost black, others lighter colored; contains a few specks of calcareous spar, and minute scales of mica. Powder, Spanish-brown color. Specific gravity, - 2.835 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - 62.90 _ 44.04 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - 3.15 Carbonate of lime, - .57 Magnesia, - .68 Potash, - - - - .32 Soda, ---- .04 Sulphur, - - - - .15 Manganese, a trace. Phosphoric acid, a trace. Combined water, - - - 8.41 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 24.97 101.19 The air-dried ore lost 2.6 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. No. 95-LrmoNiTr. Labeled "Honey-comb Ore, over the limestone, with limestone ore, Amanda Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Irregular in form, containing cavities; interior, pretty hard, of a dark rust-brown color; exterior, ochreous. Powder, brownish-buff color. Specific gravity, - 2.914 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - - - 81.87 _ 67.33 per cent. of Iron. Phosphate of alumina, - .97 Phosphoric acid, - .23 Oxide of manganese, - .65 Magnesia, - - .33 Potash, ---- 07 Soda, -- - -.14 Combined water, - - - 12.39 Silica and insoluble silicates. - 3.67 100.22 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 315 The air-dried ore lost 1.6 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. No. 96-LimoNom Labeled "Best Limestone Ore, below Main Coal, Amanda Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking ore, of a dark reddish-brown color; exterior layer; dull ocbreous; structure irregularly laminated; the lens shows minute dark granules, imbedded in a lighter colored substance, and some in- filtrations of spar. Powder, rich brownish-yellow ochre color. Specific gravity, - 3.072 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - - - 67.10 - 40.03 per cent. of Iron. Carbonate of lime, - 9 9.35 Magnesia, - - - - 1.49 Alumina, 1-- - .65 Oxide of manganese, . .37 Potash, ..08 gds, ..09 Combined water, - - 9.80 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 20.07 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 97-CARBONAIE OF IRON. Labeled "Blue Block Ore, with black shale immediately under it; impracticable by itself; lowest bed worked at Amanda Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking ore, of a dark greenish-grey color mixed with red- dish; surfaces of fissures reddish where it has been exposed to the air; adhering to the tongue. Powder, greyish-buff color. Specific gravity, 3.391 Composition, dried at 212- Carbonate of iron, - 79.721 41.26 per cent of irm Oxide of iron, - - 4.52 Alumina and phosphorib acid, .42 Carbonate of lime, - - - .97 Carbonate of magnesia, - - 3.08 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.23 Potash, -.24 Soda, .18 Silica and insoluble silizates, . 9.64 100.00 Phosphoric acid 0.34 Fer cent. 316 CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost 0.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. "Impracticable by itself," probably because it is a carbonate, which would readily melt on the sudden application of a great heat, and, particularly, because it contains but a small proportion of the ma- terials for the formation of cinder. No. 98-IRON FuRNAcE SLiG. Labeled "Pea-green Cander, nusally produced when working the blue limestone ore and block ore, at Aman- da Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Color, rather olive-green than pea-green; well vitrified, but nearly opaque, from the presence in it of minute air bubbles; translucent on the edges; before the blow-pipe, quite fusible, melting into a blebby globule. Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Silica, 80.94 Containing oxygen, 26.46 Lime, - - - 23.77 5.76 Magnesia, - - 3.19 1.27 Alumina, - 15.50 7.24 Protoxide of iron, 2.61 .60 Protoxide of manganese,. 1.58 .35 Potash, -2.24 " .38 Soda, -.77 .20 Phosphoric acid, a trace. 100.00 15.80 26.45 Oxygen nearly as- - - - - 1. 1.67 The proportion of lime, &c., to the silica, is rather larger than is ab- solutely necessary to its proper fusibility; but this excess favors, to some extent, the separation of phosphorus and sulphur from the iron- injurious ingredients, which cause the formation of white iron; the for- mer, phosphorus, in too large proportion, makes it brittle in the cold or "acid short," and the latter makes it "hot short." No. 99-PiG-IaoN. Labeled "Pitiron produced from the red and blue block ore, lowest bed, Amanda Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A silver-white iron, very fine-grained, and compact; broken under the hammer and reduced to powder with the greatest difficulty; so very hard as to indent the faces of hammer and anvil; resisting the file like the hardest steel. CEMCAL noonRT OF oowica sL yn. 317 Specific gravity, - 7.433 Composition- Iron, -94.89 Combined carbon, - 3.00 (No graphite.) Silicon,- 1.55 Slag, -.11 Aluminium, a trace. Manganese, - - - - .21 Potassium, - - - - .05 Magnesium, - - - - .09 Phosphorus, - - .79 Sulphur, - - - - .20 100.89 This is decidedly the hardest white iron of all the specimens exam- ined. We attribute its high white condition partly to the phosphorus and sulphur which it contains-more especially to the sulphur-which by favoring the actual combination of the carbon with the iron-instead of its separation, as graphite, in the act of cooling, which character- izes soft grey iron-gives it the properties of hardened steel. Its con- siderable proportion of manganese also aids in producing this condition of things. The only method for diminishing these injurious ingredients, and producing a grey soft iron, is to increase the proportion of limestone used as a flux, to the greatest extent compatible with the proper fusi- bility of the cinder. With good management in the furnace it is probable that a metal might be obtained from these ores which would be admirably adapted to the formation of steel, provided a too great proportion of phospho- rus does not remain to injure the tenacity of the iron. No. 100-C&ABONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Shot Iron Ore, below Main coal, Ashland, Greenup county, Ky." A friable mass, composed of dark brown granules about the size of black mustard seed, united by a soft white cement. Powder, light yellowish-grey color. 317 CHEUCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - Oxide of iron, - - Alumina, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Potash,- Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Water and loss, - - Phosphoric acid, a trace. The air-dried ore lost 0.7 1 2120 F. A very good iron ore. I 60.36j . .33 - 2.65 3.35 3.58 1.43 .49 I .05 - 24.67 1.09 - 30.46 per cent. of Iron. 100.00 per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 1 01-Cow. Labeled "Main Ashland Coal, above clay parting, best for coking Greenup county, Ky." A very pure looking soft bituminous coal, of a deep pitch-black color, and strong lustre; easily broken. Heated over the spirit-lamp it softened and swelled a great deal, and left a bulky coke. It seems to be a "fat" bituminous coal, well adapted to coking. Specific gravity, - - - - Composition. dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - - Ashes, (purplish-grey, - Composition, dried at 212' F.- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - - Ashes, - - - The per centage of sulphur is, 3.401 - 34.90 57.90 - 3180 100.00 1.288 Total volatile matters, Spongy coke, - - - 38.30 - 81.70 100.00 - - 36.13 . 59.94 - 3.93 100.00 0.734 The ashes contain 0.093 per cent. of sulphate of lime. This is not quite so soft and bituminous as the best Pittsburg coal, but it is sufficiently so, doubtless, to answer all the purposes of the black- smith and the founder. It is also well suited to production of gas, of 318 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. which it will probably yield a larger proportion than the Pittsburg or Youghiogbany coal. It is to be remarked, however, that the relative proportion of the vola- tile matters of a coal will not give correct indications of the quantity of good illuminating gas which it will yield; for the reason that this volatile matter may consist of larger or smaller proportions of sulphur, ni- trogen, and oxygen, as well as of carburets of hydrogen of various composition. Ultimate chemical analyses of the coals, (i. e. ascertain- ing the true proportions of their elementary constituents, the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and earthy matter,) would give correct data in this relation. The soft, light, bituminous coals are preferred by the manufacturers of coal gas, in this country, to the hard and dense splint and cannel coals, which really contain a larger proportion of volatile matters, not only because the residuary coke has a greater commercial value, but because the relative amount of good gas obtained is greater, in propor- tion to the cost of production. The true explanation of which fact is, that the dry coals, so called, the splint and cannel coals, contain usual- ly a much larger proportion of oxygen than the soft, fat, bituminous, and coking coals. This oxygen combines with some of the hydrogen and carbon of the coal during its destructive distillation, in the manu- facture of gas, to produce vapor of water and carbonic oxide gas, and thus diminishes the value of the product. During the burning of these varieties of coal, a marked difference in phenomena results from the relative difference in the proportion of the oxygen which enters into their composition. The fat, bituminous coal, which contains but little oxygen, softens much, and burns with a very smoky flame-giving off much scot or unburned carbon-like the pure hydrocarbons, oil of turpentine, miner- al naphtha, &c., or the bituminous substances, petroleum, asphaltum, &c.; while the dry coals, called splint, cherry, and cannel coals, do not soften much, or at all, burn with a clearer flame, and deposit relatively little soot; burning somewhat in the manner of alcohol, ether, and the other combustibles which contain a considerable proportion of oxygen in their elementary composition. It is obvious, from these facts, that it would have greatly facilitated the knowledge of the relative value of our Kentucky coals, could they have been submitted to elementary analyses; but the limited time allot- 319 CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ted the chemical investigation, during the past seasons, absolutely pre- cluded attention to this important examination. Should the survey be continued, it is hoped that this field may be fully explored. No. 102-Coan. Labeled "Coal with slate roof, first bed above Ash- land Mfain Coal, (Greenup county, Ky." A pure looking, intensely black coal, with a high lustre, scarcely soiling the fingers; coated on the outside with ochreous oxide of iron; some fibrous coal between the layers; showing vegetable impressions, and somewhat infiltrated with pyrites; heated over the spirit-lamp, it swelled up and softened considerably; probably a coking coal, but not quite so good for this purpose as the preceding. Specific gravity, -1.301 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - "00 Total volatile matters, - 40.70 Volatile combustible matters, - 35.701 Carbon in the coke, - - 51.00 Moderately dense cke 9.30 Ashes, (lilac colored,) - - 8.30 M 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Volatile combustible matters, 37.579 Carbon in the coke,- - - - 3.685 Ashes, -- -8.736 100.000 The per cent. of sulphur is, - - - - 1.818 The ashes contained about 0.09 per cent. of sulphate of lime. A very good bituminous coal, not quite as pure as the preceding, No. 100. (See Nos. 123 and 124 for other Ashland specimens.) No. 103-LImoN-rnE. Labeled "Block Ore, principally used at the Newv Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking limonite, in irregular masses, partly in curved layers; color from dull reddish-brown to dull ochreous; adhering slightly to the tongue; containing minute scales of mica. Powder of brownish- yellow ochre color. 320 CEMInCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 2It' F.- Oxide of iron, Alumina, Magnesia, - - - Oxide of manganese, Potash, - - - - Soda, Combined water, - - Silica and insoluble silicates, Phosphoric acid, a trace. Loss, - - - - The air-dried ore lost 1.3 2120 F. 3.111 - 67.90 - 40.53 per cent. of Iron. - 2.77 - .72 - .26 - .32 - .10 - 10.03 - 27.67 - 124 100.00 per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 104-Limom Labeled "Variety of Block Ore, New, Hamp- shire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Resembles the last, but is not in layers; adheres more to the tongue; is more porous, appears rather more granular under the lens, and shows more glimmering specks of mica. Powder, dirty-yellow ochre color. Specifc gravity, - - Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - Alumina, - - Carbonate of lime, - - Phosphate of lime, - Magnesia, - - - Combined water, - Silica and insoluble silicates, 2.708 - 13.25 - - 4.96 - 1.67 .90- - .61 - 4.37 - 74.36 100.11 This can hardly be illed an iron ore; tion of phosphate of lime makes it less fluxing. - 9.27 per cent. of fron. - Containing 0.6 of phos. acid. and its considerable propor- valuable for the purpose of No. 105-Lwomm Labeled "Kidney Ore, used occasionally at New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." In thin ourved layers, the exterior of which is brownish-yellow ochreous; interior, dark reddish-brown. Powder, between umber and yellow ochre color. 41 321 CHMICAL RiEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVEY. Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - Alumina, - - - Magnesia, Oxide of manganese, Potash, Soda, Combined water, Silica and insoluble silicates, The air-dried ore lost 2. 2120 F. - 56.70 - 39.70 per cent of Iron. - 3.75 - .63 - .42 - .32 - .17 - 12.04 - 25.97 100.00 per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 106-Limom Labeled "Dark Red Limestone Ore, New Hamp- shire lurnace, Greenup county, Ky." A very dark, reddish-brown, almost black ore, mottle with dark red; dull; porous; adhering slightly to the tongue; some minute infiltra- tions of white spar. Powder, dark reddish-brown color. Specific gravity,-- - - - - 2.383 Composition dried at 212- Oxide of iron, - - - - 64.70 46.31 percent of Iron. Carbonate of lime, - - - 16.50 Oxide of manganese, - 2.15 Magnesia, 1.84 Alumina, .27 Potash, - - - - - .23 Soda, - - - - - .05 Combined water, - - - 7.12 Silica and insoluble silicates, 6.47 Loss, - -.67 The air-dried ore 2120 F. 100.00 lost 1.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 107-Lnmonrrs Labeled "Poor Sandy Ore, not much used, at New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull looking, granular ore, containing a considerable proportion of clear, rounded grains of sand, cemented and mixed with brown oxide of iron, in some places with a pink and yellowish-white cementing ma- terial. Powder, brick-red color. 322 CNICAL 1IUOIT OF OLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 212- Oxide of iron, - - - - 32.10 - 22.48 percent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 1.47 Magnesia, - - - - .33 Potash, - .12 Combined water, - - - 4.61 Silica and InsolubIc silicates, - 61.37 100.00 This might be advantageously used at the New Hampshire Furnace to mix, in proper proportion, with the next preceding ore, No. 105, which is deficient in silicious ingredients. The block ore, principally used there, needs no other addition than limestone. No. 108-Fmanuomous LDmToNr Labeled "Ferruginous Lime80tne, passing into limestone ore, New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Color, passing from fawn color to dirty ochreous; with some mot- tlings; dull; scarcely adhering color. specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212f F.- Carbonate of lime, - - Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of iron, Oxide of iron, Carbonate of manganese, Alumina, Potash, - - - - Soda, Phosphoric acid, a trace. Silica and insoluble silicates, Water and loss - - The air-dried limestone lost 0 2120 F. to the tongue. Powder, dirty buff - 2.80 - - - -5- 3.86 22.10 7.41 4.41 .86 .37 .21 .19 7.97 2.63 100.00 .6 per cent of moisture, when dried at No. 109-LIoNEL Labeled "Limestone used as a flux, from te Brushey fork of Tygerf a creek, under the limestone ore, Nes Hamp- shire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A light drab-grey, compact limestone; sparkling with very small portions of imbedded caleareous spar. 323 CREMICAL DEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 2120F.- Carbonate of lime, Magnesia, - - - Alumina, oxide of iron, &c., Potash, - - - Soda, - - Silicious residue, - A pretty pure limestone. 2.708 97.85 1.30 .55 .15 .50 1.27 101.62 Dried at 212, the air-dried limestone lost 0.3 per cent of moisture. No. 1] 0-IxON FUmNACa SuLA. Labeled "Dark Purple Glassy an- der, produced when making soft grey iron, New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Perfectly vitrified; of a more smoky tinge than any of the preced- ing, with a slight tint of purple or violet; rather clearer, in thin pieces, than those previously examined; rather difficult of fusion; melting, before the blow-pipe, into a white blebby globule. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Silica, Lime, Magnesia, Alumina, Protoxide of iron, Protoxide of manganese, Potash, Loss, Oxygen nearly as, - 2.719 - 56.28 - 19.70 - 6.13 - 13.90 - 1.56 - 1.02 - 1.26 - .15 100.00 Containing oxygen, 5.57 2.45 6.49 .35 .23 .21 15.30 : 29.22 1. : 1.91 No. 111-IRON FURNACE SLAG. Labeled, "White Heavy ainder, pro- duced at New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A compact, greyish-white slag, of considerable density; nearly opaque, looking like some kinds of hornstone; containing a few small air bubbles, and some small pieces of reduced iron; before the blow- pipe it phosphoresced somewhat like lime or magnesia; proved quite fusible; intermesced greatly, and settled down into a white blebby globule. 29.22 324 CEEMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL HURVEY. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 212- Silica, - - Lime, Magnesia, Alumina, Protoxide of iron, Protoxide of manganese, - Potasb, - - - Soda, Oxygen nearly as - - - 2.787 - 56.34 - 19.56 - 6.69 - 14.30 - 1.36 - .87 - 1.00 - .22 100,00 Containing oxygen, 5.67 2.63 4 6.68 .30 .20 .17 .06 15.61 - - 1. No. 112-IRON FURNACE SiG. Labeled "Pea-green annder, produced when making a good run, but iron somewhat close-grained New Hamp- shire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Composition, dried at 212- Silica, - - - 6.74 Lime, - - - 16.66 Magnesia, - - - 5.20 Alumina, - - - 15.10 Protoxide of iron, - - 2.17 Protoxide of manganese, - 2.92 Potash, - - - 1.66 Soda, - - - .36 100.81 Oxygen nearly as, - Containing oxygen, - 4.74 2.08 7.06 .48 .65 .28 .. .09 15.38 - - 1. The first two slags, (110 and 111,) do not difTer much in composi- tion-the former is probably formed when there is an accidental excess of carbonaceous matter present; the latter when the oxygen of the blast somewhat prevails. In this last, the smaller proportion of lime present throws some light on the simultaneous production of fine-grain- ed iron. The addition of more limestone would probably correct this. 113-PIG-IuON. Labeltd' "Grey Pig-iron, New Hanipaire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A coarse grained, dark colored iron; flattens somewhat under the hammer, but soon breaks to pieces, and easily pounds to powder; yields easily to the file. 29.25 29.25 1.87 29.46 29.46 1.91 325 326 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 6.843 Iron, - 93.12 Graphite, - 2.83 Silicon, - - - 1.23 Slag, - - - .13 Manganese, - .34 Aluminium, - .52 Potassium, - .33 Sodium, - - - .21 Phosphorus, - - 1.30 Magnesium, - .06 100.00 No. 114-Po-IBION. Labeled "Close textured Pig-iron, New Ramp- shire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A very fine grained light-grey iron; flattens considerably under the hammer, but is readily pounded to powder; yields easily to the file; is a soft iron notwithstanding its light color. Specific gravity,- - 7.241 Composition- Iron, - - - 93.19 Graphite, - - 3.13 Silicon,- - - 1.28 Slag, - - - .18 Manganese, - .20 Aluminium, - .44 Potassium, - - .19 Sodium, - -.09 Magnesium, - .06 Phosphorus, - 1.40 Sulphur, a trace. 100.16 These two specimens of pig-iron are remarkable for their large rela- tive proportion of phosphorus and of aluminium. The former most probably gives to them cold-short properties, as they are very easily pounded to powder on the anvil; the presence of the aluminium, with the absence of a notable quantity of sulphur, may be the cause why this iron, although quite light colored, is yet soft; yielding easily to the file. According to the well known experiments of Faraday and Stodart in England, the celebrated India Steel-the Wootz-of which are fab- CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ricated the Damascus blades, owes its peculiar excellence to the presence of aluminium, which they found in it in proportions varying from 1.3 to 0.024 per cent. The usually correct Karsten is, however, dis- posed to doubt their conclusions in this respect, although they are corroborated by the experiments of Mushet. It is probable, from the account which Karsten gives of his mode of investigation, (Band 1, section 484, of his Handbuch der Eisenhuttenkunde,) that the alumi- nium which might have been present in the steel which he submitted to analyses escaped his observation. The recent interesting experiments of Deville and others, in France, in the production of aluminium in quantity, at a low price, prove that it can easily be alloyed with iron, as well as with many other metals. Its alloy with copper is light, hard and white. From its low specific gravity, only 2.56, it doubtless also reduces the relative weight of iron with which it is combined. Aluminium, the metallic basis of the earth of clay, (alumina,) has been recently introduced into the arts, in France, at a cost of about one-fifth of that of silver. It is a light, malleable metal, nearly as white as silver, of great sonorousness, which may be heated and melted without any loss by oxidation; it does not rust in the moist air. No. 115-SA.1ND'oN. Labeled "Ihearth Sandstone, New Hampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." A yellowish-grey fine-grained friable sandstone, containing small scales of mica; the grains of sand are rounded, and are cemented by a small amount of ferruginous material; structure somewhat lamellar. Specific gravity, - 2.458 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Sand, -94.865 Oxide of iron, alumina, &c., 2.775 Carbonate of lime, -.197 Carbonate of magnesia, -.837 Potash, -.164 Soda, .047 Loss, 1.126 100.000 No. 116-SssrsyoNix Labeled "Hearth-stone after two months expo- sure in New Fampshire Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Much harder, (less friable,) and more compact than the preceding; 327 CHEMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. scarcely adhering to the tongue; color, bluish-grey with darker thin lines of stratification; no scales of mica visible. Specific gravity, 2.407 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Sand, &c., - 98.835 Oxide of iron, alumina, &c., -.325 Carbonate of lime,- .055 Magnesia, -.249 Potash, -.154 Soda, .029 Loss, .353 100.000 If these sandstones were of similar composition at first, the intense heat to which the last specimen was exposed, seems to have removed some of the substances with which the sand composing it was mixed. How this occurred is not easily explained, unless we suppose it took place by sublimation. No. 117-LimoNirTE. Labeled "Mount Savage Main Ore, Greenup county, Ky." A dark, reddish-brown limonite; pretty dense; irregularly cellular; powder, dark Spanish-brown color. Specific gravity,- 3.062 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 85.16 _ 59.63 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - .84 Oxide of manganese, - .95 Magnesia, .59 Potash, - - - .25 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 4.57 Combined water, - - 7.30 Loss, - - - .34 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.4 per cent. of nwisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 11 8-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Mount Savage Iron Ore, under Main Ashland Coal, Greenup county, Ky." A dark, umber-grey, fine granular mineral, having the appearance of a dull earthy variety of limestone. Specimen contains a concretionary 328 CERVICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL 5URtEY. 829 cast, as of a portion of a branching coral stem, which is of a light lead color. Powder, light umber color. Specific gravity, - - - - 3.468 Composition, dried at 212 F- Carbonate of iron, - - 70. 37. per ent. of Ire. Oxide of iron, - - 6.421 Carbonate of lime, - - - 2.15 Carbonate of magnesia, - 491 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.26 Alumina, - - - 1.65 Potash, -.25 Soda, -.09 Silica apd insoluble silicates, - 13.37 Loss, -.41 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 1.4 per cent of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. Both of these are very good iron ores. The first, No. 117, may require the addition of some more silicious ore, or silicious material, with the limestone, to flux it in the furnace. No. 119-LnioNra Labeled "Limestone Ore, top of hill, Clinton Fur- nace, Greenup county, Ky." A dull, reddish-brown, and yellowish-brown, pretty compact limo- nite; adheres firmly to the tongue. Powder, dirty yellowish-brown color. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - Alumina, - - Carbonate of lime, - - Magnesia, - Oxide of manganese, Phosphoric acid, Potash, - - - - Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Combined water, - The air-dried ore lost 1.8 2120 F. 42 2.811 - 39.90 - 28.48 per cent. of Iron. - 3.37 - 20.87 - 2.86 - 2.17 - .76 - .30 - .16 - 20.97 - 8.66 100.00 per cent. of moisture, when dried at CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. No. 120-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Limestone Ore, two to three feet thick, drifted after at the Clinton Furnace, Greenuip county, Ky." A dark grey, granular ore; yellowish and reddisb-ochreous on the exterior; under the lens presents a confused crystalline appearance. Powder of a dirty buff color. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, - Oxide of iron, Carbonate of lime, - Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Alumina, - - - Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, - 3.524 65.931 8.631 1.97 3-34 5.03 2.27 .07 .18 13.17 100.59 37.55 per cent. of rron. No. 121-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Blue Ore, under the coal; average one foot thick; from East fork of Little Sandy river, near Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, three miles from Clinton Fur- nace, Greenup county, Ky." Dark grey color, mottled with lighter and darker; fine granular; under the lens, dark semi-crystalline grains observed, in a light color- ed cement; adhering slightly to the tongue. Powder of a mouse-grey color. Specific gravity, - Composition, dried at 212' F.- Carbonate of iron, - 42.68 Oxide of iron, - - 17.021 Carbonate of lime, - - 1.68 Carbonate of magnesia, - 1.52 Carbonate of manganese, - .71 Alumina, - - - 2.05 Potash, -.27 Soda, -.30 Organic or bituminous matter, 11.10 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 20.66 Water and loss, - - - 2.01 100.00 3-350 -32.37 per cent. of Iron. 330 CHEiCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost 0.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. From the considerable proportion of bituminous matter contained in this ore, it may be called a black band ore. It is the only ore of this variety which has been sent to this laboratory from Greenup county. No. 122-FEIRRuGiNous LIMESTONE. Labeled "Green Carbonate of Iron, Clinton Furnace, Greenup county, Ky." Compact; fine granular; with sparkling crystalline grains; scarcely adhering to the tongue; interior, handsome bluish-green color; exte- rior, rich reddish-brown, mixed with some green particles. Powder of a dirty buff color. Specific gravity, 2.934 Composition, (of average specimen,) dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 24.80t 25.68 per cent. of iron. Carbonate of iron, - - - 17.421 Carbonate of lime, - - - 32.85 - Carbonate of magnesia, - - 6.36 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.81 Alumina, - - - - 2.79 Phosphoric acid, - - - .60 Potasb, - - .11 , Soda, - -.17 - Silica and insoluble silicates, - 10.47 Water and loss, - - - 2.62 100.00 The air-dried limestone lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212. No. 123-CoAL Lablced "l1ain Coal, witl calay parting, Giger's Hill, Calletlsburg, Greenup counly, K '." A very pure looking, bituminous coal, of a deep pitch-black color, and strong lustre; a little pyritous matter observed on one of the sur- faces; heated over the spirit lamp, it softened and swelled up very much, and the fragments agglutinated into a light spongy coke; seems to be a coking coal. 331 332 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 1.213 Composition, dried at the ordiLary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 4 20 Total volatile matters, - 40.00 Volatile combustible matters, - 35.80 Carbon in the coke, - - 57.80 Coke, - - - - 60.00 Ashes, (yellowish-grey,) - - 2.20) 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, - 37.37 Carbon in the coke,- - - - 60.33 Ashes, -- - 2.30 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is .268. The ashes contained about 0.09 per cent. of sulphate of lime. This is evidently a very pure bituminous coal, containing but a small proportion of sulplbur, and leaving less than the general average amount of ashes. No. 124-FIRE-LAY. Labeled "A-. 1, Fire-claly, below Main Coal, A-shland, Creeaup county, Kg." A compact light-grey rock, with some discolorations of ochreous, and brown in the crevices and near the surface, from infiltration of oxide of iron; as bard as calcarcous spar; not plastic with water until it has been ground to powder; presenting numerous minute spherical cavities, as though it had been full of air-bubbles; adhering to the tongue. Composition, dried at 212'- Silica, 65.74 Alumina, with trace of oxide of iron, -26.10 Lime, .72 Magnesia, .73 Potash, -.56 Soda, .14 Water and loss, -6.01 100.00 No. 125-FsIEn-LAY. Labeled "Ao. 2, Fire-clay, below Main Coad, Ashland, Greenup county, Ky." An indurated clay, or soft clay-stone, of a dark grey color; barely yielding to the nail; softens down into a plastic mass when placed in water; burns white. CHEMICA[A REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Composition, dried at 212 F.- Silica, - Alumina, with trace of oxide of iron, Lime, Magnesia, Potash, Soda,- Water, organic matter and loss, - 5- 1.74 33.90 .62 .73 - - - .88 .31 - - - 11.82 100.00 No. 126-SOIL. IENDERSON COUNTY. Labeled "Soil, four miles south deerson coutnty, KAy." of Henderson, iHen- Of a light mouse color, containing some fragments of charcoal; washed very carefully with water it left about 86. per cent. of very fine sand; 1,000 grains, dried at the ordinary temperature, digested in water containing carbonic acid gas, as previously described, gave up more than 7. grains of solid extract, dried at 2120. This, treated with pure water, left of insoluble nialler, .5.582 grains, having the following com- position, viz: Silica, -.197 Carbonate of lime, -3 615 Carbonate of magnesia, - - -1.097 Carbonate of manganese,- - .556 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, .117 The matters dissolved in the water, weighed when dried at 212'c 1.511 grains; when ignited in a platinum capsule, it lost, with a smell of burnt horn, Organic and volatile matters, - The residue contained- 0.900 Carbonate of lime, - .197 Carbonate of magnesia, - - - - - - - .279 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, - - .017 Potash, - - - - - - - .083 Soda,. - . . 035 This soil contains a remarkably large proportion of its eseential in- gredients, in a soluble condition. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil lost 2.04 per cent. of moistre, when dried at 300C F.; and was found to contain the following ingredients, viz: 333 CHEICAL REPORT OF GOEOLOGICALWRVZY. Organic and volatile matters, 5.080 Carbonate of lime, -1.254 Carbonate of magnesia, -.447 Carbonate of manganese, a trace. Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phosphates, 3.490 Potash, - - - .085 Soda, - -- -.034 Silica and insoluble silicates,- - -89.670 100.000 This soil contains more than the usual proportion of carbonate of lime, but it is not very rich in the alkalies. HICKMAN COUNfY. No. 127-WIHITE EARIH. Labeled "Part of the Wite Deposit at the Iron Banks, Columbus, iickinan counlty, Ky." A nearly white, (with a slight tint of grey,) fine granular soft mass, easily crushed with the fingers to a fine granular powder Composition, dried at 212- Silica and insoluble silicates, --90.99 Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phosphate, . 3.60 Carbonate of lime, --.90 Carbonate of magnesia, - - -4.35 Potash, --.07 Soda, .02 Loss, .07 100.00 The air-dried earth lost 1.6 per cent of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 128-SOIL. Labeled "White Soil of Bayou de Chienne, at Mos- cow', Iliekman county, Ky., (quarternary formation.") A light grey soil, almost white, containing a proportion of rounded particles of clear quartz, and some irregular concretions containing peroxide of iron. The air-dried soil lost 2.3 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 350'. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil, treated with water con- taining carbonic acid, in the manner previously described, gave up in solution only 0.27 grains of solid extract, which was found to have the following composition, viz: 'See Appendix for the proportion of phosphoric acid in this and the other soils. 334 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 335 Organic and volatile matters, -.08 Carbonate and phosphate of lime, and carbonates of magnesia and iron,-.11 Alkaline salts, (containing .005 potash,) -.04 Silica, -.04 0.27 The composition of this soil, dried at 3500, is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, -2.00 Oxide of ironsand alumina, 6.00 Carbonate of lime,- 1.15 Magnesia, .16 Oxide of manganese, .17 Phosphoric acid, (.54 phosphate of lime,) .19 Potash, -.17 Soda, -- - - - - .02 Silica and insoluble silicates,-- - - 90.57 100.43 Washed carefully with water, this soil left about 79. per cent. of very fine, nearly white sand, containing small rounded particles of hyaline and milky quartz, and of a ferruginous mineral. This soil being rather deficient in alumina and oxide of iron, has but a small power to hold organic matter in combination. No. 129-WHruE EARTH. Labeled, "Base of Chalk Banks, two mits belowz Columbus, Hickman county, Ky." Appearance like that of a dried clay; color, light grey; rather harsh feel; adheres to the tongue. Dried at 2120 it lost .5. per cent. of moisture. Composition, dried at 212- Organic and volatile matters, 4.80 Oxide of iron and alumina, 8.65 Carbonate of lime, -1.25 Carbonate of magnesia, .26 Carbonate of manganese, a trace. Phosphoric acid, a trace. Potash, .52 Soda, -.30 Silica and insoluble silicates, 84.04 Loss, .18 100.00 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOICAL SURVEY. HOPKINS COUNTY. No. 130-LDiO.NITE. Labeled "Red Ochreous Iron Ore, Bunt's Gap. near Alfred Townes', Hopkins county, Ky." A soft, porous mass, soiling the fingers, of red, yellow, and brown- ish ochreous matter. Powder of dirty orange-red color. Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 5 - 58.75 Alumina, - - - - 4.10 Carbonate of lime, - - - .10 Sulphur, - - - . .15 Traces of magnesia, manganese, and phosphoric acid. Silica and insoluble silicates, - 26.50 Combined water and loss, - 10.40 100.00 - 41.14 per cent. of iron. The air-dried ore lost 3.2 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 1 31-LN mN1TE. Labeled "Iron Ore, above the Black Band, head waters of Stewart's creek, Hopkins county, Ky." A fragment of a nodular mass, of a lamellar structure; compact; color, yellowish-brown; adheres to the tongue. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at 212 F. Oxide of iron, - - 52.16 Alumina, - - 7.70 Magnesia, - - .23 Potash, - - - .23 Soda, - - - .23 Phosphoric acid, lime, and oxide of manganese, traces. Silica and insoluble silicates, - 26.70 Combined water, - - - 11.80 Loss, .. .95 100.00 - - 2.83 - 36.52 per cent. of Iron. The air-dried ore lost 1.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. 336 CHIICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 337 No. 132-IMPURE BIUMI[NOUs CIRBONATE OF LIME. Labeled "Blazk Band Iron Ore, head waters of Stewvart's creek, Townes 4' Kirk- rell's, IlOp/.kns coutnty, K. A dull olive-black, hard mineral; fracture even; earthy. Specific gravity, - 2. 56 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Carbonate of lime, - 39.90 Carbonate of magnesia, - 20.50 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.02 Carbonate of iron,- - 11.7 1L Carboxide of iron, 1.71= 6.64 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - - -2.22 Alumina, - .60 Phosphate of lime, - 6.23 Potash, - - - .17 Soda, - - - .09 Bituminous matters, 6.05 Silica and insoluble silicates, 12.41 Loss, - - .10 100.00 The air-dried mineral lost 0.5 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212 F. Notwithstanding the promising appearance of this mineral, it proves, on analysis, to be worthless as an iron ore tor its considerable propor- tion of phosphate of lime renders it improper for use, even as a flux to richer ores of iron. No. 133-IMPURE BTUrMINOUS CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Black Band lron Ore, head waters of Scagar creek, Townes 4- Kirkwell, Iiopkinr7s couenty, KY." A dull olive-black, hard mineral; not quite so dark in color as the preceding; with an even earthy fracture; weathered exterior surface, vellowish-nmber color. 338 CHEMICAL REPORT OF OEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - 2.613 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of lime, - - 40.09 Carbonate of magnesia. - 22.17 Carbonate of manganese, - .28 Carbonate of iron, - - 7.32 Oxide of iron, - - 3.63 Pbosphate of lime, - - 2.24 Alumina, - - - .17 Potash, -.21 Soda, -.14 Bituminous matter, - - 7.26 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 16.60 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 0.6 per cent. of mwisture, when dried at 212 F. This resembles the preceding in composition and properties. No. I 34-IRON ORE. Labeled "Head waters of Stewart's creek, near the Black Bank, (productive ore) Hopkins county, Ky." A porous, fine granular, light dove-grey colored rock; resembling impure limestone; adheres to the tongue; weathered surface ochreous. Powder, light yellowish-grey color. Specific gravity, -2.948 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 25.08t = 25.30 per cent. of Iron. Carbonate of iron, - 17.84 Carbonate of lime, 5-.97 Carbonate of magnesia, - - 7.30 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.20 Alumina, - - 1.00 Phosphoric acid, - .36 Potash, - -.20 Sods, - -.09 Bituminous matters, - 2.51 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 34.65 Water and loss, - 3.81 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 2120 F. 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 339 Not a very rich ore, but not too poor to be smelted with advantage -especially to mix with richer mineral. No. 135-CoAL. Labeled "IWrqht's Mountain Coal, Townes 4K Kirk- well, Hopkins county, Ky." A very pure looking, soft, and friable coal; not soiling the fingers; some portions having a coarse granular fracture, others flat conchoidal; no appearance of pyrites or other impurities. Small fragments heated over the spirit lamp softened, swelled up, and agglutinated, leaving a spongy coke. It appears to be a coking coal. Specific gravity, 1.288 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 7.201 Total volatile matters, - 41.40 Volatile combustible matters, - 34.20 Carbon in the coke, - - - 56.30) Ashs,(dakre.) - .3 oderately dense coke, - 68.60 Ashes., (dark grey,) - -2.30 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Volatile combustible matters, - 36.86 Carbon in the coke,- - - - 60.67 Ashes, - - -- 2.47 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is 0.106. The ashes contain no appre- ciable quantity of sulphate of lime. No. 136-COAL. Labeled "Robinson's Coal, Clear creek, one-half mtile west of railroad, Hopkins county, Ky." A soft coal; easily broken; of a pitch-black color; surface and fis- sure stained with oxide of iron and gypsum; and shows iridescent colors; heated over the spirit-lamp, it softens and swells up; probably a coking coal. Specific gravity, -1.272 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 4.40 Total volatile mattes, -45.50 Volatile combustible matters, 41.10o Carbon in the coke, - . - 1.0 Moderately dene ck, 64.60 Ashes, (reddish-grey,) - - 3.40 100.00 100.00 310 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVfl. Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Volatile combustible matters, 42.991 Carbon in the coke, - - - - 63.452 Ashes, -- - 3.657 100.000 The per cent. of sulphur is,- - - - 1.560 The ashes contained a trace of sulphate of lime. No. 137-COAL. Lateled "Pond River Coal, under the bridge, near .AIe3.ary's, llopkicis county, Ky." Easily broken; coated in the fissures with ochreous matter; cross fracture, pretty pure pitch-black, and lustrous; heated over the spirit- lamp, it decrepitated considerably; softened and swelled up very much into a spongy coke; probably a coking coal. Specific gravity, -1.297 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 5.10 Total volatile matters,- 40.30 Volatile combustible matters, - 35.20f Carbon in the coke, - - - 53 50C Ashes, (dark brick-red,) - - 6 20 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Volatile combustible matters, - - - - 37.09 Carbon in the coke,. . . . 6.38 Ashes, - --6.53 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is, - - - 1.122 The ashes containing 0.13 per cent. of sulphate of lime. No. 138-SOIL. Labeled "Soil and Sub-soil, Captain Darks' farm, Hopkins county, Ky., (Coal .Jfeasures. ") The dry soil is of a greyish-buff color, (a little more grey than the common post-office Iaper.) Washed carefully with water it left about 79. per cent. of very fine sand, of a dirty-buff color. Dried at 330 F., the air-dried soil lost 1.86 per cent. of moisture. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil were digested in water con- taining carbonic acid, like the preceding, but the experiment was lost from the bursting of the cork when it was too late to repeat it. CHMI.CAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 341 The composition of this soil, dried at 3300 F., is as follows, viz: Organic and volatile matters, 3.88 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, 6.16 Carbonate of lime, - - -.06 Carbonate of magnesia, - - -.21 Oxide of manganese, a trace. Potash, --.10 Soda, - --.06 Silica and insoluble silicates,-- - 89.19 Loss, -.35 100.00 It cannot be called a very fertile soil. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. No. 139-LIMONi. Labeled "Sugar Creek Iron Ore, Hopewell Iron Works, Livingston county, Ky." A dark brown limonite, reddish ochreous on the surface; hard enough to strike fire with stee!, from the prrsence of infiltrated silex, which gives it, in some pieces, a brecciated appearance. Powder, brownish- yellow ochre. Specific gravity, - 2.887 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - 35.97 25.27 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - .80 Phosphoric acid, - .73 Carbonate of lime, - .55 Magnesia, - .13 Potash, - - - - .21 Soda, ---- .34 Combined water, - - 6.60 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 64.25 Loss, -.42 1 00.00 The air-dried ore lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. No. 140-Son,. Labeled "Soil front summit of hill, near Hopewell Furnace, Livingston county, KJy." Dry soil, of a buff color. Three pounds of the soil sifted through a seive with two hundred and fifty-six appertures to the inch, left about one ounce of cherty and ferruginous pebbles, of various sizes, CHEMICAL BZPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. from that of a peach kernel down. One thousand grains, digested in water saturated with water containing carbonic acid, as previously de- scribed, yielded only 0.453 grains of solid extract; this, dried at 2120 F., heated with pure water, left of insoluble matter, dried at 2120, 0.183 grains of the following Composition- Sdlica, -0.076 Carbonate of magnesia, .076 Carbonate of lime, alumina, oxide of iron, &c., - - - .031 The portion dissolved by the water weighed, when dried at 2120, 0.270 grains Ignited in a platinum capsule it lost, of Organic and volatile matters, The fixed residue consisted of- Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of potash, Carbonate of soda, Carbonate of magnesia, &c., &c., - The composition of this soil was found -to be 3000 F. Organic and volatile matters, - Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Carbonate of manganese, as follows, 0.173 .027 .036 .030 .004 dried at . - - 3.240 .037 .405 9.770 - - .108 - - .200 - - 86.830 - - .410 100.000 The air-dried soil lost 3.76 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 3000 F. The burnt soil has a handsome dark orange or salmon color. Im- perfectly washed, it left fine sand, mixed with small rounded fragments of silicious minerals, like semi-opal, chalcedony, &c., &c. LOGAN COUNTY. No. 141-SOIL. Labeled "Soil, southern part of Loyan county, Ky., ten moles froim Franklin, on the road from Keysburg. (Sub-earbo- niferous fornmat;on.)" The dry soil is of a light Scotch snuff color. Carefully washed with water it left about 69. per cent. of very fine sand, of a dirty buff color, containing small beautifully rounded particles of quartz, clear, milky, and reddish, with small particles of a ferxruinous mineral. 342 CHEMICAL REWORT OF GEOLOGICAL UYZY. One thousands grains of the air-dried soil digested in water contain- ing carbonic acid, yielded 1.37 grains of solid extract, which had the following composition, viz: Volatile and organic matters, - - - Silica, Oxide of iron, alumina, and trace of phosphates Carbonate of lime, Oxide of manganese, - - - - Potash, The air-dried soil lost 2.3 per cent. F., and had the following composition, Organic and volatile matters, Oxide of iron and alumina, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Phosphate of lime, - Potash, Soda.- Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, of me viz: isture, when dried at 0.62 .05 1.77 .33 .18 .02 300 - . 3.500 - 6.160 - - .196 .118 - - .119 _ .045 - - .181 -- .171 - 90.060 - - 460 100.00 LYON COUNTY. No. 83-LIMONmL Labeled "Iron Ore, C/sandler Bank, Kely's, Su- wanner Furnace, Lyon county, Ky." A hard, dark reddish-brown limonite, hard enough to scratch glass; very compact; in curved layers; exterior surface, reddish and yellow- ish ochreous; powder of a brownish-yellow ochre color. Specific gravity, - 3.638 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - - 71.74 = 50.24 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - 1.40 Phosphoric acid, - - .96 Potash, - - - - .42 Soda, ---- .44 Combined water, - - - 9.34 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 15.70 Traces of oxide of manganese, magnesia and lime. 100.00 343 344 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost 0.7 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. A very rich silicious iron ore; probably not as easily reduced as the softer and more porous ores. No. 143-LIrESTONE. Labeled "Iron Ore, Backster's Bank, Kelly's Furnace, Lyon county, Ky." A hard limonite. Specific gravity, - - - Compoeition, dried at 2120 F.- Oxide of iron, - 71.60 Alumina, - - 2.30 Magnesia, - .15 Potash, - - - - .05 Soda, -.09 Combined water, - - 10.40 Silica and insoluble silicates, 16.40 Loss,- - .11 Traces of lime, oxide of manga- nese, and phosphoric acid. 3.37 - 550.07 per cent. of Iron. 100.00 The air- dried ore lost 1.1 per cent. of moisture when dried at 2120. No. 144-LnxonEi Labeled "Hydrated Brown Oxide of Iron, Alex- ander's, five iles from Paducah, Blandville road, Mc Cracken coun- ty, Ky." A hard, fine granular limonite; portion of a large piece in curved layers; color, dark purplish-brown; exterior of layers bright ochreous. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 21920 F.-- Oxide of iron, - Alumina, - - Oxide of manganese, Potash, Soda, a trace. Magnesia, a trace. Phosphoric acid, Combined water, Silica and insoluble silicates, 3.66 - 83.80 5 68.68 percent. of Iron. - .60 - .50 - .13 - 007 - 8.30 - 6.60 100.00 Of which 6. Silica, CHMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURTEY. MUELENBURG COUNTY. No. 145-LNoNrrT Labeled "Iron Ore, Hawes' ridge, one and a half miles fromn Greenville, l.ithlenburg county, Ky." A portion of a nodular mass, of a greyish-reddish-brown color; rough earthy fracture; adheres to the tongue. Specific gravity, 2.571 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Oxide of iron, - - 48.70 - 34.10 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - 2.70 Lime. - - - .05 Magnesia, . - .58 Phosphoric acid, - .31 Oxide of manganese, - .08 Potash, - - - .36 Soda, . ..12 Combined water, - 11.20 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 35.90 100.00 The air-dried ore lost 2.2 2120 F. per cent. of moisture, when dried at No. 146-Lmxoxrra Labeled "Jenkins' Ore Bank, four miles south- east of Old Furnace. .Afuhlenburg county, Ky." A porous, yellowish-brown ochreous. Specific gravity. Composition dried at 212- Oxide of iron, Alumina, Lime, Magnesia, Brown oxide of manganese, Phosphoric acid, Potash, Soda, - - Combined water, Silica and insoluble silicates, ore, with darker layers. Powder, yellow 2.83 - 62.20 - 2.52 - .39 - .25 - 1.30 - 2.65 - .21 .03 - 11.50 - 19.30 100.35 - 43.56 per cent of iron. AA 345 CREMWCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried ore lost .3 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. Its considerable proportion of phosphoric acid injures the value of this ore. No. 147-LnLo.Nrrn. Labeled "Iron Ore, with Sandy inceritatione, Kincheloe's Bluff, Muhlenburg county, Ky. A hard, compact, concretionary limoDite; specimen of a curved form, as though it is part of a large reniform nodule; the outside cov- ered with sand cemented with oxide of iron; interior of the curved mass with mamillary and conical projections, rising from a comparative- ly smooth surface; general color, dark reddish-brown; exterior sur- faces, reddish and yellowish ochreous. Specific gravity, - 3.46 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Oxide of iron, - - - 60.70 - 42.50 per cent. of Iron. Alumina, - - - - 1.87 Magnesia, - - - - .20 Lime, -44 Oxide of manganese, - - .20 Phosphoric acid, - - - .63 Potash and soda, (not estimated.) Combined water, - - . 11.00 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 25.10 100.14 The air-dried ore lost 1.2 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. A pretty rich iron ore, notwithstanding the sand which is present No. 148-BiTnmrous CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Clay Iron-stone, between Turner's and Buckner's Old Iron Works, .Aflsenburg coanty, Ky." A nodular mass, of a dark drab color; compact; hard; the exterior layers having an ochreous appearance. 346 CHEMCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, - - Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, Oxide of iron, - - Carbonate of lime, - Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Phosphate of lime, - - Alumina, - - - Potash, Soda, Bituminous matter, - - Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, The air-dried powder lost 2120. -- - - 3.11 64. 17 -34.18 per cent. of ron. - 3.58 - 4.26 - 1.09 - 2.10 -0.93 per cent. of phosphoric acid. - .67 - .23 - .28 - 1.40 - 16.26 .90 100.00 0.5 per cent. of moisture, when dried at This very complex ore would, very probably, smelt without the ad- dition of fluxing material; and if the considerable proportion of phos- phoric acid present does not injure the quality of the metal, it wldl yield an iron adapted to the manufacture of steel. It hardly contains enough bituminous matter to entitle it to the name of Black Band Ore. No. 149-B ITUMIINOUS CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Black Band, I Villiaans' Landing, .Mublenburg county, Ky." Ore of a slaty structure, with layers of dull black and dark drab- grey; pretty hard; earthy fracture; weathered portions ochreous; powder of dark olive-grey or mouse color. Specific gravity, - 3.19 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of iron, - - 62.4t 32.52 per .et of 1. Oxide of iron, - - 3.383 Carbonate of lime, - - 3.65 Carbonate of magnesia, - 7.41 Carbonate of manganese, - 2.49 Alumina, - - - .95 Phosphoric acid, - - .10 Potash,- - .23 Soda, - -.12 Bituminous matter, - - 2.41 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 15.27 Waler and loss, - - 1.67 100.00 347 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried powder lost 0.6 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120. Like the preceding, this would probably require no limestone or other fluxing material for smelting it; and containing less phosphoric acid it is probably a more valuable ore, although its proportion of metal- lic iron is a little less. Ores of this kind may be more economically worked than any others. No. 150-BrroUmiNous CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Shaly Black Band Iron Ore, waters of Battist creek, ifuildeb2burg county, Ky." A bard slaty mineral, of a very dark grey color in the interior of the layers; exterior of a dark reddish-brown; powder, umber color. Specific gravity, - 2.94 Composition, dried at 212 F- Carbonate of iron, - 64.90t 36.54 percent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - 7.41l Carbonate of lime, - - 3.25 Carbonate of magnesia, 6.57 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.18 Alumina, - - - .60 Phosphoric acid, - - .35 Potash, - -.17 Soda, - - - .52 Bituminous matter, 7.87 Silica and insoluble silicates, 7.07 Loss, - - - .11 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120. This is also a very valuable ore, but in consequence of its small pro- portion of silica, may require the addition of silicious ore, or other sili- cious material to flux it in the furnace. No. 151-BITU-IINOUs CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Black Band Iron Ore, Ford's Well, MAithlenburg county, Ky." Nearly black, with strie of dark umber color; hard; compact; pow- der of an umber color. 348 CEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Specific gravity, -2.924 Composition, dried at 212- Carbonate of iron, 74 46 36.80 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - - - 1.15 Carbonate of lime, - - - 2.45 Carbonate of magnesia, - - 4.70 Carbonate of manganese, - - 1.03 Alumina, - - - .70 Phosphoric acid, - - - .38 Potash, t Not estimated. Soda,) Bituminous matter, - - - 7.90 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 6.95 Water and loss, - - 1.28 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 1. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120. This ore very much resembles the next preceding; it contains a lit- tle less silicious matter than that. No. 1-52-Biminmous CARBONATE OF IBON. Labeled 'Grey Band, (productive iron ore) Slate Bank between Turner's and Bucicuer's Old Iron Jflorks, J1uhlenburg county, Ky." A hard, dark grey mineral, with darker horizontal striie; fine gran- ular; powder, mouse-grey color. Specific gravity, -3.218 Composition, dried at 212'.- Carbonate of iron, 64.321 31.17 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - - 6.75 Carbonate of lime, - - 3.87 Carbonate of magnesia, - 2.97 Carbonate of manganese, - 2.68 Alumina, - - .50 Phosphoric acid, - .53 Potash, - - - .08 Bituminous matter, - 4.44 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 21.95 Water and loss, - 1.91 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 1. 2120. per cent. of 7iwiature, when dried at 349 850 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. This would doubtless prove a profitable ore; it would require the ad- dition of a little limestone to flux it in the furnace. The comparison between the composition of these specimens and that of the black band ores of Scotland, will be made in the tabular view to be given at the end of this report. No. 153-CARBONATE OF IRON. Labeled "Carbonate of Iron, from the Slate Ore Bank, between Turner's and the Old Furnace, Muthlenburg county, Ky." A pretty compact ore; dark grey in the interior, looking like a dark grey limestone; ochreous and reddish on the exterior; powder of a greyish-buff color. Specific gravity, -3.289 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Carbonate of iron, - 62.59 40.26 per cent. of Iron. Oxide of iron, - 14.79 Carbonate of lime, - 2.67 Carbonate of magnesia, - 4.69 Carbonate of manganese, - 1.42 Alumina, - - 1.87 Phosphoric acid, a trace. Potash, - - .23 Soda, - -.12 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 8.19 Water, bituminous matter, and loss - - - 3.43 100.00 The air-dried powder lost 0.8 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 A very good ore which could probably be smelted without any ad- dition of limp. No. 154-B iuMmmOus CARBONATE OF LiMn Labeled "Black Band Iron Ore, of7P and a ha/f miles northwest of Greenville, Mehlenburg county, A dark colored, hard rock, with an even earthy fracture; weathered surfaces drab colored. CuMcAL REPORT OF GNOLOGICAL SUart. 361 Specific gravity, - 2.52 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Carbonate of lime, - - - 85.00 Carbonate of magnesia, - - 1.16 Alumina and oxide of iron, - 1.57 Oxide of manganese, a trace, Phosphoric acid, - - - .35 Potash, - - - - .38 Bituminous matter, - - 3.14 Silica and insoluble silicates, - 7.95 Loss, - - - - - .46 100.00 The dried powder lost 0.6 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120 F. The specific gravity of this rock is much lower than that of the black band, but its general appearance is very deceptive. No. 155-SOIL. Labeled "Soil from the Coal region, north slope of hill in the north part of Muhlenburg county, Ky." The dry soil is of a light Scotch snuff color; washed carefully with water it left about 70. per cent. of very fine sand of a dirty buff color, containing a few minute quartz crystals, and some rounded particles of hyaline and milky quartz, and of a ferruginous mineral. One thousand grains digested with water containing carbonic acid, yielded more than six grains of solid extract, out of which the organic matter was burnt, giving a strong ammoniacal or urinous odor, leaving the residuum still black from the presence of oxide of manganese. The composition of this extract is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, 1.57 Carbonate of lime, 4.13 Magnesia, -.46 Oxide of manganese, .83 Oxide of iron, -.08 Potabh, -.54 Soda, -.12 Silica, -.05 Phospboric acid, (not estimated.) The air-dried soil last 2.85 per cent. of moistUe, when dried at 3500 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The composition, dried at this temperature is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, Oxide of iron and alumina, Phosphate of lime, Oxide of manganese, Magnesia, - - Carbonate of lime, Potash, - - - Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Loss, - - - - 5.80 6.05 .08 .31 .64 1.07 .19 .03 86.64 .29 100.00 Not very rich in phosphates, nor in alumina and oxide of iron. No. 156-COAL. Labeled "U(JlcLean,) Airdrie Coal, below the clay parting, .ix sand three-twielflh feet thick, Jithlenbzrg county, Ky." A pure, soft and friable coal, of a shining pitch-black appearance; fibrous coal between the layers; no appearance of pyrites or other impurities; fragments heated over the spirit-lamp, softened, swelled up and agglutinated into a light cellular coke; probably a good coking coal. Specific gravity, Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - 3. 15 Total volatile matters, Volatile combustible matters, - 45.30T Car-bon in the coke, - - .443501 Coke, Ashes, (reddish-grey,) - - 3.101 100.00 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - Ashes, - - - - 46.749 6 0052 3.199 100.000 1.221 - 48.40 5 1.60 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is, - - - 1.35 The ashes contained no marked amount of sulphate of lime. No. 157-COAL. Labeled "Eade's Coal, two miles and a half south- west of Greenville, Muldenburg county, Ky." A soft, pure pitch-black coal, with fibrous coal, exhibiting vegetable impressions, between the layers; no appearance of pyrites or other im- 352 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. pareties, h3ated over the spirit-lamp, it softened and swelled up a good deal, and left a light coke; probably a good coking coal. Specific graiity, ComposiLion, dried at the ordiLary Moisture, - - - Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, - Ashes, (purplish,) - Composition, dried at 212- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the coke, Ashes, The per centagc of sulphur is, temperature- -. 2.80I Total vola - 37.6U - 56.10. Coke, - - 3.50 100.00 No appreciable amount of sulphate of lime in the ashes. No. 158--CoAL. Labeled "Clark's Coal, Pond river, on Princetonand Greenville road, Muldenburg county, Ky." A very friable, dull looking coal; notsoiling the fingers; breaking into small fragments; heated over the spirit-lamp it burnt only for a short time with a flame; did not soften nor swell up; and the residuum burnt on the hot iron, after removal from the lamp, like rotten wood. Specific gravity, 1.348 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, 8-. 8.701 Total volatile matters, 33.30 Volatile combustible matters, - 24.60) Carbon in the fixed residuum, - 59.201 Fixed residue, - - 66.70 Ashes, (nearly white,) - - 7.50 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Volatile combustible matters, Carbon in the fixed residue, Ashes, - - The per centage of suphur is, 45 - - 26.944 64.840 8.216 100.00 .650 1.260 tile matters, 40.40 s9- .60 100.00 38.684 67.716 3 6uo 100.000 .654 353 354 C lHCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL MGVo. OWSLEY COUNTY. No. 159-COAI. Labeled "Todd t Crittenden's Coal, from the Three Forks of the Kentucky river, Owsley county, Ky." A good specimen of Kentucky river coal; of a pitch-black color, and considerable lustre; fibrous coal, with vegetable impressions be- tween the layers; over the spirit-lamp it swells up somewhat, but does not agglutinate as much as the Pittsburg coal; a somewhat dry bitumi- nous coal, or soft variety of splint coal. Specific gravity,1.295 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - .40t Total volatile matters,- 36.80 Volatile combustible matters, - 33.16) Carbon in the coke, - 67.101 Coke, - - - - 63.20 Ashes, (nearly white,) - - 6.433 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Volatile combustible matters, -4.675 Carbon in the coke, - - -58.765 Ashes, --6.660 100.000 The per centage of sulphur is, - - - .337 From want of sufficient time, this was the only one of the Ken- tucky coals which was submitted to ultimate or elementary analysis. Burnt in the usual way, in the combustion tube with fused chromate of lead, there were obtained from 5 grains, 12.85 of carbonic acid, and 2.48 of water. Deducting the sulphur and ashes, as stated above, the statement of the ultimate composition of this coal is as follows: Ultimate analysis, dried at 212, average of six operations- A-Calculated with the ashes: B-Calculated without the ashes: Carbon, 69.160 Carbon, - - - - 74.094 Hydrogen, - - - 5.360 Hydrogen, - - - 5.742 Oxygen, nitrogen, and loss, 18.483 Oxygen, nitrogen, and loss, 19.802 Sulphur, - - - .337 Sulphur, - - - - .362 Ashes, - - - - 6.660 100.000 100.000 No. 160-COAL Labeled "Cannel Coal from Haddock's Mine, between South and Aladdle Forks of Kentucky river, Oweley county, Ky." A very tough, pitch-black coal; fracture large conchoidal; not soil- ing the fingers; powder nearly black, with a very slight brownish CHMICAL REPOUT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. tinge, like lamp-black; heated over the spirit-lamp, swelled a little and became somewhat porous; burning with a very large clear flame; but did not soften as much as the preceding specimen; burns on the open fire without coking; gives out a great deal of flame. Specific gravity,-1.211 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 1.10) Total volatile matters,- 60.00 Volatile combustible matter, - 48.90 Carbon in the coke, - 47.001 Coke -0.00 Ashes, (buff colored,)- . 3.00 k . 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 2120 F.- Volatile combustible matters, 49.444 Carbon in the coke,- - - - 47.523 Ashes, - -- 3.033 100.000 The per centage of sulphur is only, - - - 0.241 The ashes contain about 0.236 per cent. of sulphaote of lime. One of the best specimens of cannel coal. We hope to be able at a future time to examine these coals more thoroughly, as well as to pass in review the rich variety of coals to be found in the eastern coal fields of Kentucky. SIMPSON COUwrY. No. 161-Sow. Labeled "Soil, north part of Simpson county, Ky., three-quarters of a milefrorn the Warren county line." The dry soil is of a snuff color, with a tinge of reddish or lilac; rather darker colored than usual. Washed with water, about 25. per eent. of fine sand was obtained, the grains of which, under the lens, appeared rounded; some pellucid, others yellow, red and brown. One thousand grains digested in water containing carbonic acid gave up nearly 3. grains of so/d extract, dried at 2120. This treated with pure water left rather more than one-haIr its weight of insoluble matter, which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid; having the followipg composition, viz: B56 356 CHDHCAL REPORT OF GEOLODGICAL SURVEY. Silica, 0.120 Carbonate of lime, - -.377 Carbonate of magnesia, -.916 Carbonate of manganese, - -.025 Sulphatc of lime, -.010 Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phosphatc, .027 _ 1.475 The portion dissolved by the water was dried and the Organic and volatile matters, removed by beat, weighed, -0.780 The residue contained, Carbonate of lime, -.257 Carbonate of magnesia, .132 Potash, .064 Soda, .037 1.270 Alumina and oxide of manganese, traces. The air-dried soil lost 2.8 per cent. of moistvre, when dried at 329O. The composition of the soil is as follows, dried at 32O': Organic and volatile matters, 5.100 Carbonate or lime, .194 Carbonate of magnesia,- .307 Carbonate of manganese, .235 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, . - G.510 Potas, -.131 Soda, .070 Silica and insoluble silicates, 87.470 100.017 TODD COUNMY. No. 162-Su-soiul Labeled "Red Clay Sub-soil, Todd county, Ky.; th/e sane prevalent tihrough/ a large district of the sub-carboniferou3 limestone formation. low much oxide of iron" Color, dull reddish-y-ellow. The composiTion is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, 4.10 Oxide of iron, nluinina, and trace of phosphate, - - 6.80 Carbonate of lime, - 1.42 Carbonate of magnesia, --.24 Potasb, --.11 Soda,..03 Silic" and insoluble aili a s -.88030 100.00 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. The air-dried soil lost 2. per cent. of moisture, when dried at 2120. No. 163-Som Labeled "Soil, Foith admixture of sub-soil, taken oppo- site a large plantation amongst oak timber, about 2 miles from the crossing of the Elk fork of Red River, betiween Ilaydcnaville and Hollingsworth Afill, Todd courinty, Ky." Dry soil of a greyish-brown color, with a tinge of red. Washed with water it left only very fine sand. One tboumand grains digested in water containing carbonic acid as before described, yielded 1.693 grs. of solid extract, dried at 2120. This, treated with pure water, left of insoluble matter, which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid, the following ingredients: Silica, 0.160 Carbonate of lime, .257 Carbonate of magnesia, .151 Carbonate of mananese, -.341 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, .037 Sulphate of lime and loss, -.IG7 - 1.113 The soluble portion, ignited in a platinum capsule, lost of, Organic and volatile matters, And the fixed residue consisted of, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Potash, Soda, Alumina, oxide of iron, trace of phosphates, and loss, The air-dried soil lost 2.8 per cent. of moisture, 2120. Its composition is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phosphates, Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates, Sulpbate of lime anl loss. - 0.280 .037 .007 .067 .033 .156 - 580 when dried at 4.180 .194 -- .475 - . .114 - - 6.830 - . .170 . - .095 - 87.830 .104 100IK0 357 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. TRIMBLE COUNTY. No. 164-LxImTToN. Labeled "Marble, Corn Creek, on the Ohio river opposite to Marble Hill, the quarry of Conchitie Marble of Messrs. Win. W Dean and Co., in JefJerson county, Indiana, thirty miles above Louisville; supposed to be of the same kind. Quarry of Dr. Hop- son." This rock is of a warm, or drqb-grey color, presenting a granular crystalline structure, containing many fragments of shells, especially of Murchisonia bellicincta; and very small portions of coral-probably Chaetetes lycoperdon-cemented by pure minute crystals of calcareous spar, which form the principal mass of the rock. Some of the frag- ments of fossils have a pink color; the cavities of some of the shells are filled with beautifully clear, colorless calcareous spar; in others the spar filling them is colored of a pinkish-brown, or flesh color by oxide or carbonate of iron; which appears occasionally in the stone in small spots and patches. On one of the specimens there is the fragment of a bi-valve shell, and in another two portions of OrthocerEe. The weathered surfaces are remarkably even, and free from fissures, and indicate great durability. ' A piece of the rock, rubbed down with sand, &c., received a very good polish; a few fine cracks only traverse the surface, in appearance like the sutures on a skull, which doubtless are the results of the long exposure to the atmospheric influences of this outside portion of the bed, and will not, probably, be found in the interior of the stratum, where moisture and a uniform temperature have been preserved. Compared with two slabs of the Conchitic marble, from the quarry of the Messrs. Deans, at the marble-yard of Mr. Pruden, of this city, it was found, by all appearances, to be identical. (The face of one of these slabs, however, which seemed to be course grained, was studded with branching specimens of the Chaetetes lycoperdon.) Specific gravity of this marble was found to be 2.704; that of the Dean's as reported by Dr. Owen, 2.683. A fragment of an irregular tetrahedral form, weigbing 314.8 grains, (nearly 20.38 grammes,) was allowed to remain in water for about an hour, when having been wiped dry with blotting paper, and weighed, it was found to have gained, by imbition of water, 1.5 grains,=0.47 per cent. At the end of an hours exposure, in a dry rom, at the temper- 368 CMEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL EnBVEY. atutre of 71.5 F., it had lost one-third of this water; next morning it retained only 0.1 grains of the water. Its composition was found to be as follows, viz: (For comparison, the results of the analyses of two varieties of Dean's Conchitic marble, by Dr. D. D. Owen, are placed in adjoining columns.) Dean's marble, two va- rieties. Carbonate of lime, 96.03 89.68 81-60 Carbonate of magnesia, .74 3.80 10.50 Carbonate of iron, - - - - - 1.09 2.30 5.28 Phosphate of lime, - -1.19 .85 .90 Alumina, - - - - .16 1.00 .52 Insoluble earthy matter, (silica, &c.,) .66 2.00 .20 Moisture, - - - - - .06 .10 .10 Oxide of manganese, - a trace, a trace, a trace. Loss, -- - - .07 .27 .90 100.00 100.00 100.00 It would appear from the above comparison of the composition of this specimen, with that of those analyzed by Dr. Owen, from the In- diana quarry, that this is even purer than those. It has also a slight- ly higher specific gravity. There can be no doubt that it will prove an equally good and handsome building material. The following remarks by Dr. Owen, on the Conchitic marble of In- diana, will doubtless apply with a perfect fitness to this marble also: "Taking into consideration the properties and chemical composition of the rock of Marble Hill, as ascertained by the preceding investigations, and a careful inspection of the quarries, as well as the rock in its na- tural position along the face of the bluff, I have no hesitation in pro- nouncing it the best and most beautiful material for constructions and ornamental purposes that has come within my notice from any western locality." (A Geological report on the Marble Hall Quarry, &c., &c., by David Dale Owen, M. D., 1853.) Whether the more recent geological explorations in Kentucky, of its worthy Principal Geologist, will enable him to modify his opin- ion, in the above relation, will be seen in his forthcoming report on the geology of this State. 359 360 CEXICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. TRIGO COUNTY. No. 16-5--OoIL. Labeled "Soil, for seven inches, inl eherty bed of sub- carboniferous linestone system, Barren oak land, four miles south of Cadiz, Trigy county, Ky." Color of the dried soil, dark greyish-buff; washed with water it left a large proportion of very fine sand of a dirty buff color. One thousand grains of the air-dried soil digested, as before describ- ed, in water containing carbonic acid, yielded rather more than one grain of solid extract, dried at 2120. This, treated with water, left of insoluble matters which had been dissolved by the carbonic acid, as fol- lows: Silica,- 0.147 Carbonate of lime, a trace. Carbonate of magnesia, .195 Carbonate of manganese, -.054 Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phosphates, .017 - .413 The soluble portion dried and ignited, lost of Organic and volatile matters, - 0.400 The fixed residue consisted of- Carbonate of lime, - -- - ,047 Carbonate of magnesia, - - - - .069 Carbonate of manganese, - - - - .022 Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phosphates, . .017 Potash and soda, -.031 Loss, -.044 _ .630 The air-dried soil lost 1.74 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 3000. Its composition is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, 3.28 Carbonate of lime, .034 Carbonate of magnesia, .195 Carbonate of manganese, -.195 Alumina, oxide of iron, and trace of phospbates, 3.690 Potash,- - .096 Soda. .022 Silica and insoluble silicates, 92.310 Loss, -178 100.00 CHEMICAL BEPOAT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. UNION COUNTY. No. 166-COAL. Labeled "Coal from Casey's Afne, near Caseyville, Union county, Ky." A pure looking, glossy black, soft bituminous coal, of a lamellar struc- ture; no appearance of pyrites or other impurities. Heated over the spirit-lamp it softened and swelled up very much, and agglutinated into a light spongy coke. Seems a good coking coal. Specific gravity, -1.312 Composition, dried at 212 F.- Volatile combustible matters, - 40.70 Carbon in the coke, - - 52.301 C, Ashes, (purplish-grey,) - 7.00 ke, - - - - 69.30 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is,- - - - 0.88 The air-dried coal lost only 0.4 per cent. of moisture, when dried at 212. No. 167-FIRE CLAY. Labeled "Fire-clay from Casey's Mines, Union county, Ky." A soft clay-stone, or indurated clay; what is sometimes called "horse- back" by the coal-diggers; irregularly lamellar, of a dark grey color, with some black vegetable impressions; exhibits a few minute scales of mica. Composition, dried at 212- Silica, 73 00 Alumina, 17.60 Oxide of iron, 3.00 Carbonate of lime, -.60 Potash and soda, .10 Water, organic matter and loss, -6.70 100.00 A very good fire-clay. WARREN COUNTY. No. 168-Sor. Labeled "Soil west part of Warren county, K,." Dry soil of a dirty powdered cinnamon color; contained a few frag- ments of radiated and milky quartz, (too large to go through the seive of 256 apsrtures to square inch.) By washing with water obtained about 60. per cent. of very fine sand, of a cinnamon color, containing 46 361 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. a few small scales of mica. One thouEand grains of the air-dried soil, digested in water containing carbonic acid, as alnrady described, yield- ed a little more than one grain of solid extract, dried at 212. This, treated with pure water, left of insoluble matter, which Lad been dis- solved by the carbonic acid, rather more than half a gxain; having the following composition, viz: S3lica, -0.170 Carbonate of lime, -.137 Carbonate of magnesia, -.131 Alumina, oxide of iron, and a trace of phospbates, .067 Sulpbate of lime, --.010 0.5 15 The soluble matter, dried and ignited in a platinum capsule lost of Organic and volatile matters, And the fixed residue contained Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia,- Potash, Soda, Alumina, &c., a trace. In all, The air-Cried soil lost 2.18 per cent. of me 2120. Its composition is as follows: Organic and volatile matters, Carbonate of lime, Carbonate of magnesia, Carbonate of manganese, Phosphate of lime, Alumina and oxide of iron, Potash, Soda, Silica and insoluble silicates. Sulphate of lime and lon, - - - - It would be improved by a larger proportion 0.300 .077 .097 .038 .021 oisture, when .533 1.048 dried at - -- 2.900 - - - .094 .350 - - - .054 - - - .221 - -.129 - - - .160 .043 - - - 90.990 .069 100.000 of alumina and oxide of iron, which would increase its power of absorbing and retaining the products of animal and vegetable decomposition, gases and vapors. 362 CEDUCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 363 PITTSBURG CO L. For the purposes of comparison with the coals of Kentucky, a spe- cimen of this coal was submitted to examination. No. 169-C.AL. Labeled "Pitsburg Coal," sent to me from Louis- ville some years since, and kept in a dry place, (in my cabinet,) ever since. A pure looking coal of a pitch-black color and considerable lustre. Heated over the spirit-lamp it softened and swelled up very much, and agglutinated into a very light coke. Specific gravity, 1.291 Composition, dried at the ordinary temperature- Moisture, - - - - 2.00i Total volatile matters, 31.70 Volatile combustible matters, - 29.70f a Carbon in the coke, - - 65.30 Coke, 68.30 Ashes, (yellowish-grey,) - - 3.00C 100.00 100.00 Composition, dried at 212' F.- Volatile combustible matters, - 30.003 Carbon in the coke, - - - - 66.636 Ashes, -- -3.061 100.000 The per centage of suphur is only 0.055 in the specimen examined, which is probably a selected specimen. CHIEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. I. IRON ORES. (a ) LimoxIrrs. (Showing the per centage of each ingredient) 55.95 1A10 19.24 1 95 50.07 2.4., 47.20 ' 7 27.73 .00 29.20 1.2S5 :34.79 2.53 42.00 .68 50.90 200 Pboe. 3H.23 4.55 60.09 .60 46.51 2.27 47.69 2.93 41.24 4.15 34.63 .45 46.85 2.65 44.54 3.35 42.35 2.95 49Y.23 2 15 4426 i 195 26.96 3.37 47.69 2.17 1 1.62 2.37 I 35.71 2.27 47.27 2.97 479 r2 2.65 5:1i.:6 2.25 50 35 1.67 56 44 .87 39.56 295 44.04 3.15 57.33 .97 40.03 1.65 40.53 2.77 9.27 4.95 39.70 3.75 45.31 .27 t-2 4- 1.47 59.6:J .4 2- -49 3 .37 41.14 4.10 36.52 7.70 25.27' 8t0 -5l24 1.41)0 50.t17 2 :11 56.68 .60 1 34.10 2.70 43.20J 2 52. 42.50 1.87 I 0-1- 15390 1 -0 note 51,:35 I-153 3 41 0.24 0 93 _, 1.0.0 1-137 - .34 .57 I 181 .95 - .50 .58 - .20 .67 notes _ .20 0.H 2301 .13 - ..I .45 .22 .38 20,.67 1 3.84 - _ 0.17 0 1.537 57 - no42 13.85 1.- 34- 0.74 .36 - .82 1.65 .67 .30 57I 1.rb1 9 -ab .5 2.15 2-I2 2.9-2 - .45 - .671 164 .43 .54 3.15 2.40 97 - .51 7.35 12.58 I 1.15 11.53 . 67 - .3 .65 .25 .27 8 .45 0 1 95 7- .34 .40 3.15 .14 .19 - .37 1.675 .4- 5 17 - .74 1-115 1 1.44 3.15 20 .97 - .66 _ .91 .31 .2 .274 - .77 15 - .34 47 1.48 9 - 7 .52 ,971.620 .9 - .36 47 .1 1.1 - .22 - L.77 .ji7 .33 .27 1.13 1.3 5 j.25 .24 .40 1771 - .21 7.27 2.30 1 (I trace. 0.26 .57 ! .69 -trae, trace. .32 - ' .33 .55 23 .07 9.37 1.49 .17 - .08 - .72 2 5 trace, .32 Pho.l L 1 67 161 - ,90 n otes _ ,63 14 1 - .'32 16 50 18,r4 2151 23 - ,33 1 - -'1 .12 - .59 1.95 - 25 20.r7 2.85 2,1 -75 .30 .101 - c- -. note. trace. - 23 true traCe .23 .5.5 , 13 .73 .21 tace. trace trace 96 .42 trace. .135 trace,. trace. .05 - trace.'.50 .07 .13 .05 .55 trace. 311 .36 3 25 12.i0 2.65 .21 ,44 .20 20 .63Inotes X E o j= iumtd 9.00 ((.18H 9.67 .12 1.97 .16 17.57 tim'td 51.30 - 45.05 ,11 38.35 .06 4.07 .17 13.17 .32 13.37 .21 3.47 - 11.23 .13 3I:.05 .47 17.87 .19 25.65 .31 19.75 .17 117.95 .37 25.25 .16 131:.959 _ . 22.35 .10 46.95 .117 16.25 .17 6:1.9(1 .28 33 65 - 14.75 .10 23.67 .10 1127 .06,, 14.17 .35 6.97 0.11 1827 .04 2497 .14 3.67 .09 20.167 .10 27.67 Lim'td .17 .05 .16 tim'td .23 .34 .44 .09 trace. .12 ,03 tim'ul 74.37 25.97 6.47 61.:J7 4.57 20.97 126.5=0 26.70 54,25 15.70 15.40 660 35.90 19.30 ,25.10 6.57 1.96 11.57 1.55 6.40 b801 7.68 10.70 11.48 9.28 6.59 10.29 11.67 1126 10.96 8.75 12.05 6.95 11.76 10.30 8.25 11.51 5.68 9.81 12.11 4.53 7.60 9.22 9 51 31.34 8.41 12.39 9.F0 10.03 4.36 12.04 7.12 4.62 7.64 8.66 10.40 11,R0 6.60 9.34 10.40 8.30 11.20 1.150 11.00 364 I. I I, g, . 0 2. 0,a i' z 5 11 12 13 23 31 :12 33 34 35 36 44 451 46 54 55 56 57 58 59 69 70 71 72 73 F0 82 83 93 94 95 96 104 105 106 117 119 130 131 139 142 143 144 145 146 147 6.28 7.401 II I1- I_ 79 90 24 20 71.5)) 67.40 I 39.61) 41 70 49.69 60O 72.70 54 641 87.00 61.18 6r9.10 58.90 4945 i 6(1.90 63 50 60.50 70.30 63.20 38.50 168.10 26 60 5100 67,.50l 65 311 76.2( 71.90 8)) 61) 56 50 62.90 8R.87 57.10 57.90 1:1.25 5670 64.70 13210 I -5.196 39 91 5875 52.1C 35, 97 71 50 83.81 4 70 ' 62 2(1 60n.70) '6 Ca 0.15 .15 - r I I E 2d 5.941 6.0 35.15 6.5 18.48 1.4 3.17 2.f 2.36 2.8 2.75 3.4 2,95 2 1 3215 3' 67.33 4.t 4.35 1.f 4.75 4.E 97 3.U 3.35 3. 2.15 4.' ,97 3.:i 1 68 1 ' 32.85 6.3 5.97 7 .. 3.56 4.5 3.65 7.4 3.25 6.' 245 4' 3.87 2.1 2.65 4.4 5.41 11., 5.94 13.3 t 03 4 49 0 1 7 26 i2 84 68 1 :4 52 36 30 41 ,57 7 '0 97 69 ,77 o , 1.57 2.64 .84 - tphos.!I trace. 29.49 1.18 .04 1.11 .04 1.12 .54 1.6f trace. 1.24 _ .41 _ .8i6 _ 1.46 .18 1.23 .34 143 1.25 _ 5.03 _ .71 _ I.81 .60 1.20 36 pboe. 1. 1.09 2.10 2.49 .10 1.18 .135 1 0l3 .38 2.68 .53 1.42 trace. e5 . Sj c 0.23 0.06 1.03 8.70 .29 .08 - 19.17 .57 .15 1.32 16.07 .32 .10 - 9.47 .17 .64 - 4.87 .44 .15 not est 18.17 .44 .38 - 30.10 .23,.17 - 2.57 .23 .10 - 1.99 .27 .67 - 5.15 .19 .05 - 2.45 .24 .18 - 9.64 .47 -05 - 24.67 .25 .09 - 13.37 .07 .18 - 13.17 .27 .30 11.10 20.66 .11 .17 - I1U.47 .20 .09 2.50 34.65 .23 .28 1.40 16.25 .2.3 .12 2.41 15.27 .17 .52 7.8H7 7.07 notest i'ed. 7.90 5.95 .08 - 4.40 21.95 .23 .12 not !et 8.19 - I - 3.031 1.40 2 - 1 - 3.03 1.40 36;5 I 0.67 1.05 3.03 .52 2.15 3.31 .59 5.35 1.08 2.34 1.09 .41 2.01 2.62 3.81 .90 1.57 .11 1.28 1.91 3.41 1.41 .i5 .15 Those which contain a notable proportion of bituminous matters are such as have received the name of Blaek Baud Iron Ores, in Scotland, England and Wales. For the purposes of comparison I h tve added to the table two analy- ses of one of the best of the European Black Band Ores, viz: a. 4l-ied "'L.1thet'. Black Band,"fromn its discorerr; from near Airdrie; analyzed by Dr. Colqwbhoun. b. sSamne ore analyzed by Dr. T/lmmi.son. In dillerent specimens of this variety of ore, as analyzed by Dr. Col- l11)hobun, bitumninons matters were (mind in proportions from 1.86 to 17.38 per cent. Alumina, from -1. to S. per cent. Silica, from 1.4 to 19.9 per cenL Iron, from 25. to 40. per cent. Results which agree very well with those above shown in relation to the Kentucky ores. CHEInCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. IRON ORES-Coitinued. (6.) CARBONATES OF IRON c - 0 7 65.96 7.19 14 14.26 1677 24 12.42 14.07 :17 72-86 7.42 3H 7d.51 5.57 49 62,24 2.68 50 56-58 4 86 60 4640) 8.28 61 21.56 - 74 41 98 44.66 75 170 39 13.14 971 79.72 4.52 100 60.36 2.33 118 170.60 5.42 120 65.93 8.6-3 121 42.68 17112 122 17.42 24.80 134 17.84 25.08 148 64-87 4.39 149 62.42 3.38 150 64.90 7,41 151 74 46 1.15 152 54.32 6.75 153 62 59 14.79 a.6 I0 .2 b. F5,44 .23 b.8.4 .23 lc 36.90 - 18.55 5.83 15.86 ! 2.91 39.4 1 97 41.80 1.77 31.93 5.15 30.70 .25 28.20 .35 11 35 .48 43 65 .55 4320 .37 41.26 .08 30.46 2.65 37.M1 53 1.55 37 .55 1 2.2 32..n7 205 25.6d8 2.79 25.30 1.00 34.18 .67 32.52 .95 36.54 .60 36.80 1 .70 31.17 I .50 40.26 I.: 7 41 42 63 41. .63 ci 366 CEIIJCAL IEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVEY. II. COALS, 8w. E ci I_ -a II _ Ca 8-E 3 1 219 13.20 37.40 38.10 11.30 5060 49.40 not et.1Ligoit. 6 1.321 riot est'md 138.00 53 90 8.10i 38.00 62.00 I 0.085 8 1.291 7.20 I 31.40 56.90 4.50 38.60 61.40 .290 9 1.247 4J10 34.70 60 70 .60 38.70 61.30 .269 15 1Lt 611 5.40 35.60 5500 4.00 41.00 59.1)0 .710 16 1-44J 4.00 3:X6.50 42.70 19.80 37.50 62.50 7905 j 17 1.312 5.00 40.J0 49.50) 4.70 45.80 54.20 2.41U 18 1.307 , 2.8o 41.10 4 7.907.20 43.90 56.10 2.160 19 1.2,! 4.00 37.70 5.303( 5.00 41.70 58.30 ' 1363 25 1-t16 ' 200 35.001 55.40 7.60 37.00, 00 1.040 43 .2_. 7 600 0 34.20 956.20 3.60 40.20 59.80 1.694 99 1.320 3.90 37.30. 50.20' 860 41.20 58.80 1.448 91 1. 9)1 1 59(201 30.30 553w0 1 9.20 35.50 1 64.50' 043 101 1.2S i 340 34-90 57.90 3.-0 38..3i 61170 1734 102 1.-, I 5.610 35.70 51.0O 8.30 40.70 59.30 18.6-1 123 1.13 420 i 35.H0 5s7.) 2.201 40.00 6000 .2 68 135 1.2[ s 7.261 34.20 56.30 i 2.:0 41.40 5160 1.060 135 1.2,2 4.40 41.10 I 51.10 3-401 45.50) 54.50 1.560 137 127 5.1 3.20 53.150 6.20 41)30 59.70 1.122 156 1221 3.10 45.90 4850 3.10 4e.40 51.60 j 1.350 157 1.260 1 2.F0 37.60 1 56.10 3.50 40.40 59 60, .654 158 1 34- F.7 24.601 59.20 7.50 33.30 66.70 .550 1.59 1.295 3.40 33 40 ' 59.50 4.70 36 80 63 20 .337 160 1.211 1.10 4S'.90 1 47.00 I 3.00 50.00 50.00 .241 166 not ascertained. 40.70 1 52-30 7.00 40.711 59.30 .880 169 1.291 2.00 29.70 6 65.30 3.00 31.70 68.30 .055 367 CEMICAL 1EPOET OrGHOLGICAL BURVEY1 III. IRON FURNACE SLAGS. 4 - , 55.00 27.10 1.95 6064 14.65 2.55 56.90 13.20 3.46 52.20 17.25 3.25 5610 24.18 1A0 55.90 25.42 1.30 57.90 117.56 :2.30 55.54 19.92 2.69 56.70 i2424 4.41 61 0 118.34 2.40 50.94 23 77 3.19 56.28 19.70 6 13 5R.14 19.58 6.59 56.74 16.66 5.20 .E S 5 12.30 13.30 20.50 23.30 13.90 13.40 13.97 16.54 13.00 15.50 13.90 14-30 15.10 1 t Ei t o O _ .N a Ea 00 1;1 \ ' ;= 157 :0.27 1.73 O.lOS 28.55 14.95 1:1. 9 Pennavlanla. 4.62 88 2.55 .81 311.85 13.13 1:2.42 Pe.nnylvanl. 2.43 51 3.16 .36 29.55 16.00 l1:I.F5 Buena Visi. .16 27 2.20 .91 27.10 1600 11:1.69 I Bellefoute. 2.07 1.55 216 .39 2913 14.95 1:1.96 Bufflo. 10 1 .83 1.27 .63 29.02 14.89 1:1.96 Bufalo. 603 1.02 1.04 .18 30.06 14.86 '1:2.01 Bufflo. 2.10 .69 2.30 .14 28.84 15,49 1:184 Greenup. 1.02 .53 1.37 .13 29.44 14.6:J 1:201 Raccoon. 297 .31 1.08 .15 !32.11 11.19 1:2.43 Raccoon. 2.61 1.58 2.24 .77 i2645 15.80 1:1.67 Amanda. 1.56 1.02 1.26 ! - 29 22 15.30 1:1 91 : N Hlampshire. ,.87 1.18) .22 29.25 15.61 1:1.7 N. Haipshire. 9217 2-9 I.G6 .36 29.46 15.38 1.1 91 N Hatmpshire. IV. PIG-IRON. E.1 = n 8 1w a rS e IX. m J 6 _' _ _I .a a 42 6.770 j 9203 3.03 0 36 b.ace. 2.91 0.16 0.07 0.24 0.12 - trac. trace. 43 6.9r3 91 88 1 6.5 !315, O.1 3 27 .30 .07 trace. - _ 51 6.915 94.54 2.25 1.A .35 1.26 .18 .08 .17 .21 0.03 67 7.086 9312 310 65 i .18 10 6 .14 .03 trace. .15 - 0.7 6- 7.322 91.70 2 2 .75 ltuai(e.60 26 .05 .02 .14 - .49 79 6 877 91 21 3.13 _- .4S 3.57 .2-2 .30 .18 .05 - .67 0.05 87 6893 I 90.18 2.81 1.00 .59 5.13 .93 .08 .07 .05 - .37 .01 88 6.798 91.85 2 40 .73 .18 3.55 .51 .09 .08 .06 - .34 .04 89 G 67 88 57 2.25 2.00 .63 6.88 .47 .15 .15 .03 _ .44 trace. 99 7 433 94.89 3.00 - Urae.. 1.55 .11 trace. .09 .05 _ .79 .20 113 6 841 931-2 2.33 - .34 1.21 .13 .52 .06 .33 .21 1.30 traCo. 114 7.241 93.19 3.13 _ 2 1.25 .18 Al4 .06 .19 .09 1.40 R .9! v c z 40 41 47 5-2 64 65 66 78 85 86 98 110 lll 112 CNMICAL REPORT OF GOEOMICAL SURVEY. V. LIMESTONES. -, a _ 3C o o 0 52-20 i 37.95 65.69 1 1.57 95.25, 2,74 97.17 1.39 81.55 2.44 87.97 2.72 71.45 3.73 91.50 2.53 61 95 2.35 53.85 22.10 97,85 1.30 39.90 2 S0.50 40,09 22.17 85,00 1 1.15 96.03, .74 2 C DC .0 0 8.00 0.34 13.19 .51 7A1 .86 11.71 1.02 7.32 .28 1.09 - C 1.56 4.41 2.22 3.53 ..a - a P. 0s 5.23 6.05 2.24 7.25 .63 3.14 1.19 _ 0.2 .09 0,08 .11 ,09 1 09.02 .20 .58 .19 .10 .13 .10 .25 .24 .21 .19 1 15 .50 .17 .09 .21 .14 .38 _ .4 l, 6-38 11.37 .57 .55 1 5.56 7,15 7,33 3.97 30.17 7,97 1,27 12.41 16-60 7.95 I.66 4 a -.4 2.27 13.23 1.27 1.17 .35 1.85 .47 1.15 4.95 .37 .55 .60 .17 1.57 .16 REMARKS. No. 21 was sent as a hydraulic limestone. It contains much less than the quantity of silica and alumina usually present in good water limes. If it is found by experience to form a good water cement, its hydraulic character must be mainly due to the magnesia which it contains in large quantity. No. 22, which was supposed to be an iron-ore, deserves trial as a water lime. Nos 132, 133, and 14, resemble very much the Black Band iron-ores; but the small proportion of iron which they contain renders them of no value in this relation, especially as they generally contain injurious quantities of phosphate of lime, which will prevent their use as fluxes for the richer ores. 368 a 6 . 21 _ 22 2.786 39 2.776 51 9.687 62 2.669 63 2.688 76 2.803 77 1 2,977 84 2.687 108 - 109 2,708 132 2.560 133 2.613 154 2.520 164 2.704 CRUICAL URPOT OF GUOWAICAL SURVEY. 369 VI. CLAYS. I a =3 4 71.94 20.70 tmce 0-37 0.35 0.63 - 6-20 BlIlard co., Kj. 124 65.74 26.10 tace. .72 .73 .56 0.14 6.01 Green.p co., Ky. 125 51.74 33.90 trace. .62 .73 .88 .31 11.82 Greenup c... Ky. 167 73.00 17.60 3.00 .60 _ .10 - 5.70 Union co., Ky. a 61.01 23.60 5.66 .82 .51 .56 1.41 6.15 Engla.d. b 63.30 23.30 1.80 not eatism ad. not eat. 10.30England. c 72.96 24.78 - 1.04 trace. alkalies, 1.22 - Germany. d 71.04 C46 - 3.82 - alkalies, 2.68 - England. REmARa For comparison, the composition of four foreign clays is given above. a. From the white bed, plastic clay formation, used in pottery, near Farnham. Analyzed by Mr. Way. b. BEiest Stourbridge fire-clay. c. Berlin porcelain ware, (burnt) d. Superior porcelain clay. 370VUDCAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVET. VII. SOILS. I 1 530 1.F4 !t4 2 1941 2.44 4.1-2 'II I.HF4M 1.6K 3A6 20 3.822 2.60 5.6i 7 4 4 41 8.00 g _ 4 54t 5 418 2g I 115 1 7217-2 WIo1 .275 3.All '2.69 126 7.143 2114 .,5-Ud 128 0.270 2.-0 2 00 129 - 50,nn 4.88 134 - 11.88 3.88 140 0.453 13.76 '3.24 1. qr I -9n 2.303 50 155 .78n 2.85 5.1( Iii 2.946 28P1 5 10 162 - 20 4 I41 161 1.693 2.8I0 4.1 165 1 43 1-74 28 1681 1.04-2 2.18 2.910 .2 I_I_ _ .114 .20 .(FIl MCIl 1 .97 .-3ri .1'2:,lrae .21-14 .2-20 -280 4J15 l lc..154 I.494 .424l _ ,.6 .205 'AI .1 ,27 .an 4 .45 .139 ,,C. .517 .03:6 lmrtc..1I 493 ,6-3 - .70 I 254 .4J7 -ttel1 9"o 4.n _ - '070 5q, '7 0 !.19 l.11 125 2 1, v.e ree!. MI .21f) Itrc tritec .U11 0.0 0 41 5 0.4W (.8 .19f7 .113 .119 ira4t. .2PI j,t70 54.n .q111)1.6i8.190 940 . 417 235 trite..131 .492n .24n - .11li .194 .4.5 .114 I45 .178 1.034 .1'5 .195 rA.. :196 .094 417 - t054jc.'.150 I I. E v '3 io 3 93 4 F5 5.1-i' 5A7 4.1Pl 6 171 4.L28 7.19V 4 47 9 51 3.49 3 1o 6.110 8 65 . 15 9.77 5.16, 5 t5 1151 4.10 6.8:1 3.69 5.129 1- II 0:47 .0163 .074 .661 .024 .(20 .1 20 .200 .171 l'30 .070 .1130 .0)22 .043 .1d 92.01 - t9.i,5 _ E7.43 0.19 79.91 - 1t0.43 - 92.:5 - F7.0:1 - 1,9.1(7 - 91u99 - 90 57 - F4,114 - 89.19 - e3 91.C6 86.64 - F7.47 _ 88 30 _ r7.8:1 .04 92.31 - 90.99 1 370 COEMDICAL RERT OP GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. SUPPLEMENT TO FAYETTE COUNTY, KENTUCKY. IERAL WATERS. In the summer, 18;52, Mr. John S. Wilson, boring for water in the cellar of his store, on Cheapside, Lexington, (opposite the court-house,) obtained a pretty strong Ealine chalybealc water-a kind of mineral water which is somewhat rare in our blue limestone (lower silurian,) formation. This water first appeared forty feet below the level of the street, after boring through twenty-six and a half feet of solid limestone eon- tainiog bard masses of pyrites. The water effervesces slightly; has a marked saline and cbalybeate taste, and speedily deposits a red ochreous sediment when allowed to stand exposed to the atmosphere. It has been much employed, since its discovery, as a remedial agent. Its strength is lound to vary at different times-being often greater just before a rain. It appears to have become slightly weaker, but has not materially altered since it was first obtained. An average proportion of its saline contents was obtained by slow- ly evaporating, in a beaker glass, on the water bath, two hundred and forty ounces Troy, supplied to the glass as the water evaporated during the course of nine months. The proportion of free carbonic acid, as ascertained by a separate process, in which it was precipitated by ammoniated chloride of barium, is as follows: Free carbonic acid, in 20 ts Troy, in I lt Troy. 39.0428 grains, 1.9621 82.6000 cubic inches, 4.1300 Composition of saline contents- In 20 fibs Troy. In I lb Troy. Carbonate of iron, - 6.3003 0.3160) Inthein- Carbonate of lime, - 3.6871 1.8293 1 soluble Carbonate of magnesia, - . 2.5610 .1280 . portion, Sulphate of lime, - . . 4.9 109 .2455 on evap- Silica, 1.3748 .0687J oration, 371 372 CMICAL RXPOT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Chloride of sodium, - 133.2590 6.6620 Chloride of potassium, - 5.6604 .2880 Chloride of calcium, - 83.7314 4.1865 Chloride of magnesium, - 44.1349 2.2067 Suiphate of magnesia,. - 4.2359 .2117 Bromide of magnesium, - 1.9801 .0990 Silica, - - -2.3200 .1160 327.0658 16.3525 The mineral waters usually found in this formation contain sulphur- etted hydrogen, with chloride of sodium, &c., &c., as exemplified in the composition of the celebrated Blue Lick water. The waters of almost every deep bored well in this neighborhood exhibit more or less evidences of the presence of the saline and gas- eous ingredients which characterize the Blue Lick water; some in so small amount as to have a mere trace of sulphuretted hydrogen, others so strongly as to entitle them to be classed as mineral waters. In some the common salt predominates, and sulphuretted hydrogen is almost entirely absent; all bearing evidence to the sub-marine origin of our limestone strata. The full examination of the various mineral waters of this and the other formations must be reserved for future investi- gations CHEMICAL ROOST OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. APPENDIX TO THE CHEMICAL REPORT OF THE GEO- LOGICAL SURVEY. Most of the time allotted to iis part of the survey having been de- voted to the laboratory work, less in space is given to theoretical views and general applications than perhaps would have been satisfactory to some of the readers of the report The writer was, however, impress- ed with the importance of the fact that the careful ascertainment of truth should be Lhe basis of all reasoning, and that, especially in the study of natural objects and processes, nothing can supersede, in the commencement, the patient labor of observation and experiment; that, moreover, when the composition of our Kentucky ores, soils, and min- erals in general is once accurately established, their applications to our wants and uses would be obvious to all well informed persons. He has therefore consumed the time mainly in the analyses, and made up his report principally of their results. It would have been easy to have filled many pages of the report with general considerations, applications, or taeoretical views in regard to the soils and minerals of our State, in relation to the cultivation of the soil, the manufacture of iron, or to other manufactures in which they are employed; to have made the report an elementary work on agricul- ture and the mechanical arts; but there are many good works, easily ac- cessible to persons interested in these pursuits, in which these matters are fully developed; and the writer has thought it to be his first duty, at this stage of the business, to endeavor to make out the composition of as many of the soils and minerals of Kentucky as would be possi- ble in the time which he bad at his disposal, leaving for the future the general considerations and applications which might naturally present themselves. The study of the science of agriculture is becoming more and more important as the good lands of our country become gradually deteriorat- ed by a thriftless husbandry, or as the poorer lands are brought into cultivation. Whilst the country is new, and the soil so rich that suc- cessive cropping for a number of years causes no very sensible diminu- 373 CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. tion of its products, it cannot he expected that the farmer will care much or know much of those essential elements, resident in the soil, without which no plant can grow or mature its seed; but the time will inevitably come when this subject will be forced upon the attention of the agriculturist and the politicil economist, and the study of the science of the cultivation of the soil will become a first necessity. It is the part of a wise and provident man, or nation, to look at and provide for future contingencies, and it is not too soon now to begin the work of the ascertaiument and diffusion of this kind of knowledge. Already some of our richest soil, in the blue-gTass region, shows, by chemical analysis, evident signs of partial loss of the indispensable ingredients of its fertility; as may be seen by com- paring the analysis of No. 27 with that of No. 28; the one virgin blue limestone soil from Fayette county, Kentucky; the other, soil from the same tract, taken from a spot in close proximity, which has been for many years in cultivation, (see also page 100 of Dr. Owen's general report;) and there can be no doubt that similar comparative examinations, of the uncultivated and long cultivated soils from other districts, would show precisely analagous results. The idea that the soil is inexhaustible-a bank on which we may draw forever without precaution-is held at present by very few, theoret- ically, although practically the great majority of our farmers seem to entertain it, and act upon it without scruple. The positive fhcts, which have been ascertained by chemical analysis, in relation to the elements of plants and of organic beings generally, are gradually becoming known to the masses, and by the improvement of the common edu- cation of the people, we may hope that this knowledge, so important to agriculture and the arts in general, will be more widely diffused. It is demonstrated, by general experience in the lboratory, that no vegetable, the most minute, can grow, no microscopic vegetable cell, in short, can he formed without the assistance of certain mineral substances, always to be found in fertile soils; and that whilst the greatest proportion of the wveight of vegetable and other organic bodies. composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, may be derived from the gases of the atmosphere and from water, the fired iaterias, always found in their ashes, drawn from the soil by the living plant, are equally essential to vegetable growth. In the absence of these, whatever may be the abundance of the atmospheric elements, 374 CNEICAL lEPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. vegetable developernent would be impossible; even the absence of one or more of them would prove an insuperable obstacle to growth. As the atmospheric elements are everywhere abundant, these fired clements, existing in the soil and in the surface water, are more es- pecially worthy of the attention of agriculturists in all parts of the world. It was the removal of these, or of some of them, by succes- sive exhausting crops of toLacco, corn, &c., which caused the reduction of much of' the soil of Virginia from a state of high fertility to one of almost hopeless sterility; as, on another continent, the constant ex- portation of grain has rendered worthless countries which formerly were the grainaies of Europe; a spendthrift system which, it' long continued, will, in the course of time, bring even the rich prairies of the West to the condition of sun-burnt deserts. In order justly to appreciate the value of the mineral ingredients of vegetables, the reader, having acquired some knowledge of elemen- tary chemistry, may consult some of the recent valuable publications on the chemistry of agriculture; none, perhaps, would be more satis- factory than the "'Lccturms on the Applications of CUlenijatry and Ceol- ogy to Agricul/trc. By Jas. F. Johnston;` re-published in this country by Wiley and Putnam; and there are other good works on these sub- jects, of more recent publication, easily accessible. The examination, by chemical analysis, of the ashes of plants in which these mineral ingredients are always found in their natuml pro- portions, enables us to appreciate fully their value in the economy of organic nature. In no plant or part of vegetable tissue are they ab- sent. Usually all present in every plant, they vary in their relative proportions in different vegetables, and even in dillirent rarts of the same vegetable-some plants requiring for their healthy growth more potash, some more soda, lime, oxide of iron, silica, or pbosphates than others. A soil which contains them all in sufficient abundance is a fer- tile soil; and one from wbich they are entirely absent is hopelessly sterile until they are supplied. These important elemcnts of vegetable nourishment are potash, soda, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, oxide of manganese. phosphorus or phosphoric acid, sulphur or sulpburic acid, chlorine, silica, and a few others found in minuter proportion. These exist in various states of combination in the fertile soil, and in relatively small proportion, ex- cept tho silica, in prticular, which forms the greatest weight of all 3 105 376 cmcAL REPOT! OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. soils, but in the insoluble state of and, in various degrees of fineness. They are all dissolved, in notable quantity, by the water which falls from the atmosphere, principally by the aid of the carbonic acid which it always contains, and partly by the organic acids resulting from the de- composition of animal and vegetable substances in the soil. The opera- tion employed in the analyses of the soils, given in the present report, by digesting them in water containing carbonic acid, always showed the solution of a considerable quantity of these nutritious mineral in- gredients, and exemplified the mode in which these substances, gener- ally little soluble in pure water, are naturally dissolved and made available for vegetable nourishment. To give an idea of the quantity of these substances removed from the land in the usual course of cropping. the following table is append- ed. It has been collated from the second volume of Dr. Emnmons' Agriczdtnre of A6ew York, prepared and published at the sxpense of that State, as a part of the great work, "on the Natural History of New York." CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL BURVET. , o 't o, Ista _I _ Urflqm JO apJopm o' I p - 0! 0 -- unpos pou qj I I I quodJo saqduoqa t -unj joai I f o I - o 8 X . Z!q aucql ;o ealvqdsoqd Ii .1 c 1. 4 1 g -i ci 3i. I -t-.0!0!- - - _ o-- l!2av - lc I .-t-7 c! l I1" I -awq I r .voro a . -.!A- - 0m.jo assuoqy3 . . .on= I II I I II, 12 -omrq =o q .-I S 's a. -:stG = . - O (L _ O .Veo =Gt= 4 zz .it_ Z. ,6:4 __4c oT ci "Io et (R. ..... ne Z D 48 i B 0 I 2 .4 0 o ,0 .F I fi 111o0 377 I13o0W bo -q .z 5 , sz P.4 s cx b8 1 9 ZI a A I CHEMICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. TECHNICAL TERMS. Complaints are sometimes made, by practical farmers, that the re- ports of agricultural chemists, and works on agricultural chemistry are too technical for their comprehensions. The use of technical or scientific terms is deprecated, even by some well educated persons, as tending to darken the subj act. A little reflection, however, will enable them to see that they are just as indispenslyable as the different names used to designate different persons, and that instead of obscuring they render the language lucid and definite; and for this purpose, as well as to designate substances and properties which are not usually men- tioned in common purlance, they are necessarily employed. In the present age of scientific advancement and application it should be part of every system of common education to give a knowledge of the general principles and ordinary terms of modern science, and especial- ly those of natural science; and when our educational systems are bet- ter adapted to the progress of science and improvement, these terms will be no more difficult to the educated man than the names in the Heathen Mythology are to the classical scholar. In the present report it is believed that no terms are used which are not defined in Webster's folio or octavo dictionary. RE-EXAMINATION OF THE SOILS FOR PHOSPHORIC ACID. The correct estimation of minute quantities of phosphoric acid in complex mixtures, especially when, as in soils, it is associated with lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, and alumina, is a matter of considerable difficulty. The various processes which have been hitherto proposed are generally either inaccurate or exceedingly tedious; hence perhaps 378 CHEMFICAL REPORT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 379 the reason why, in soil analyses, the phosphates are not as frequently estimated as their very great importance to agriculture renders desira- ble. Having procured some molybdate of ammonia, and repeated the process of Sonnenschein for the estimation of phosphoric acid by means of this re-agent, the writer was convinced that this is at once the easiest, most generally applicable, and most reliable, with certain pre- cautions, of all the methods for the estimation of this acid. He has, therefore, while this report was going through the press, submitted all the soils described in it to a new examination by this process. The results are as follows: Per eentagqe of Phosphoric Acid in the soils deswribed in the preceding page-s, each dried as there stated. PER CENT. No. I. Soil from southern part of Ballard county. Phosphoric acid, _0.116 No. 2. Soil from north-west part of Ballard county. Phosphoric acid, -.166 No. 10. Soil from southern part of Butler county. Phosphoric acid, .076 No. 20. Soil from southern part of Christian county. Phosphoric acid, -.129 No. 27. Soil from Fayette county. Virgin soil. Phosphoric acid, .460 No. 28. Soil from Fayette county. Soil of old field. Phosphoric acid, -.379 No. 29. Soil from Hickman, Fulton county, (bluff.) Phosphorie Rcid .102 No. 30. Soil from Hickman, Fulton county, (under the gravel bud.) Phosphoric acid, -.167 No. 126. Soil from Henderson county. Phosphoric acid, - .129 No. 128. Soil from Hickman county, white Soil. Phosphoric acid, .129 No. 138. Soil from Hopkins county, soil and sub-soil. Phosphoric acid .089 No. 140. Soil from Livingston county. Phosphoric Rcid, - - .064 No. 141. Soil from southern part of Logan county. Phooehoric acid, .076 No. 166. Soil from northern part of Muhlenburg county. Phosphoric acid, -.090 No. 161. SoilfromnorthernpartofSimpsoncounty. Phosphoric acid, .129 No. 162. Soil from Todd county, red clay subsFoil. Phosphoric acid, 06V No. 163. Soil from Todd county, soil and sub-soil. Phosphoric acid, .166 No. 166. Soil from Trigg county, barren oak land. Phosphoric acid, .063 No. 168. Soil from western part of Warrn county. Phosphoric acid, .076 The soils which have been analyzed sinae the preparation of the body of this report have all been submitted to this same process for the estimation of their phosphoric acid. ROB. PETER

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