You have found an item located in the Kentuckiana Digital Library.

Report on the unfinished work of the survey of the commonwealth under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen / by N.S. Shaler.

Report on the unfinished work of the survey of the commonwealth under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen / by N.S. Shaler. Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 1841-1906. 400dpi TIFF G4 page images University of Kentucky, Electronic Information Access & Management Center Lexington, Kentucky 2002 b96-12-34908239 Electronic reproduction. 2002. (Beyond the shelf, serving historic Kentuckiana through virtual access (IMLS LG-03-02-0012-02) ; These pages may be freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Report on the unfinished work of the survey of the commonwealth under the direction of Dr. David Dale Owen / by N.S. Shaler. Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 1841-1906. Stereotyped for the Survey by Major, Johnston & Barrett, Yeoman Press, Frankfort, Ky. : [1877] 11 p. : maps ; 28 cm. Coleman Includes index. Pages also numbered 415-425. "Outcrop belt of the East Kentucky coal field ... , by Joseph Lesley". p. 7-11 (or p. 421-425) Three maps on 3 folded leaves of plates in pocket. Includes: Map of Eastern Kentucky, showing the western outcrop of its coal field as determined by the surveys of 1858 and 1859; Stratigraphical section of base line surface as per barometrical observations; and Reconnoissance of a base line for the eastern Kentucky coal field. Microfilm. Atlanta, Ga. : SOLINET, 1996. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (SOLINET/ASERL Cooperative Microfilming Project (NEH PS-21089) ; SOL MN06011.25 KUK) Printing Master B96-12. IMLS This electronic text file was created by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). No corrections have been made to the OCR-ed text and no editing has been done to the content of the original document. Encoding has been done through an automated process using the recommendations for Level 1 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file. Geology Kentucky. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, DIRECTOR. REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK OF THE SURVEY OF THE COMMONWEALTH UNDER THo DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN, BY N. S. SHALER. PART VIII. VOL. III. SECOND SERIES. mR YRD FOE -R SURVE " MAJOR, JO..-TON ARR- YEOMAN PRES, "rAR, Y. 415 & 416 This page in the original text is blank. REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK OF THE SURVEY OF THE COMMONWEALTH, UN- DER THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. In reconstituting the Geological Survey of Kentucky, the Legislature very properly provided that the new work should be made a continuation of that which had been begun under the direction of Dr. Owen. In pursuance of this command, a careful search has been made for all the material left unpub- lished by the sudden stoppage of the work in i86o. The death of Dr. Owen in that year, the ravages of the civil war, and various accidents, such as the burning of certain records in the offices of the Commonwealth at Frankfort, has left little to be gathered together. Some few topographical notes have been embodied in the maps given in the first, second, fourth, and fifth volumes of the new series. Some collections of soils made by Dr. Owen's assistants have been analyzed by Dr. Peter, and the results given in his reports. I present herewith the only two considerable works that have come to me in the records of the old Survey. The first of these, the geological section along the east and west base line of the Survey, made by Sidney S. Lyon, Assistant of the Survey, is all that has been found in the way of records of that arduous work. I have elsewhere expressed the opinion that the labor given to this task was, to a great extent, mis- placed, as it was not possible to make a satisfactory map of the State in the way designed by Dr. Owen. The topogra phy planned by himi was essentially based on the methods of the only surveys with which he was personally familiar-those made by the General Government in laying out the lands of the new Territories. This method has been unanimously con- demned by all cartographers as wanting in those corrections which experience has shown can alone be given by the ac- VOL. i.-27 4x7 REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER curate system of triangulation which is used in all our best modern government surveys. The extension of the triangu- lation work of the Coast Survey to the interior of the United States, in a way that furnishes a thorough geodetic found- ation for the topographical work of any State survey, takes away the need of the class of work which Dr. Owen sought to do in this imperfect fashion. I have, therefore, not thought it worth while to try to recover the bench and distance marks of his base line-a task which, owing to the imperfect method of designation, would be now, after the expiration of twenty years, very hard to accomplish. The section with the sketch of the topography, which is given in the first plate in this Report, has a certain value, independent of the aim that led to its making. It will be seen that it gives, in considerable detail, a generalized geo- logical section across the Cincinnati, or, as I would prefer to call it, the Ohio axis, which is the key to the structural geology of Kentucky. Although the work seems rudely done, when measured by the advanced standards of our modern geology, it is, in a certain way, an advance on anything that had been done at the time when it was executed. The great disproportion between the horizontal and vertical scales of the section is a defect common to all the work of its day, and it occurs in most of our more modern sections as well. The result is a very much distorted idea of the steepness of all declivities, whether of the surface of the ground or of the slopes of the various strata. The reader should be warned that the eastern part of the section, which seems as rugged as the sky line of the rudest mountains, in fact represents a region of rather gentle slopes, through which railways could be built at scarcely more cost than in the more level central parts of the section. He should also notice that the various separate groups of rocks are but imperfectly given, not half the well marked divisions being taken into account in this diagram. In making these criticisms upon the work of my distin- guished and lamented predecessor, I would not be suspected 418 4 THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. of a disposition to disparage his eminent services to the ge- orogy of our Commonwealth, as well as to American geology in general. Each step in reviewing his labors confirms me in the opinion that he was a man of great genius and of the most constant fidelity to his work. The only limitations to the goodness of his work were brought about by the slender means at his command, and the necessary restriction of all his labors to reconnoissance surveys, in which branch of geolog- ical surveying he deserves the very highest rank. The third plate given in this Report contains an important piece of topographical work, by Joseph Lesley, Esq., Topo- graphical Assistant with Dr. Owen, now Secretary of the Pennsylvania Railway. This work, like that of Lyon, was designed to serve the purpose of a base line on which to build the topography of the State. It will be seen that the measure- ments extend from near the Ohio river to the Tennessee bor- der, and that they essentially coincide with the western outcrop of the eastern or Appalachian coal field. As a piece of topographical work, this base-line Survey of Mr. Lesley's has, I believe, never been surpassed in the west- ern country. Unfortunately, the original map, in twenty large sheets, on the scale of one ten thousandth, was loaned by the State Government to the officers of U. S. engineers during the civil war. The data it afforded were roughly embodied in the so-called military map of the Commonwealth, which was prepared in 1863-'5, but which, owing to the loss of the lithographic plates in the burning of Pike's Opera House, in Cincinnati, was never published, a few copies only being now in existence. The original sheets of Mr. Lesley's work have been anxiously sought for in the Government archives-the officers of the War Department and the U. S. engineers having given me all possible aid in my efforts to recover these records. Fortunately, Mr. Lesley had made a full reduction of his maps to the scale given in this section, which will serve to preserve the most valuable features of his admirable work. The sketch map which accompanies this Report was de- signed to give the western outcrop of the eastern coal field 419 5 6 REPORT ON THE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER in a convenient form, in anticipation of the completion of the topographic work in this section, without which a detailed showing would not be possible. This sketch has already been embodied in the general geological map of the State. It is reproduced here in justice to the work of Mr. Lesley, and in order to show just what work had been done during the direction of Dr. Owen. In the work of Mr. Lesley, as in that of Dr. Owen, the greater part of the usefulness of the base lines measured has been lost, owing to the change of plan arising from the sub- stitution of triangulation for the method of base lines used by Dr. Owen; but Mr. Lesley's work, unlike that of Mr, Lyon, has a direct value for the amount and accuracy of to- pographical work done along the base line, and the excelling hypsometric determinations made in connection therewith. Wherever this work of Mr. Lesley's has been reviewed, in the advance of the present Survey, it has been found of the most satisfactory character. It should be said, in explanation of the delay in bringing out these fragments of Dr. Owen's work, that it was long after the re-institution of the Survey before the materials came into my hands, and only within a few months of the present time that I have been forced to give up all hope of getting access to other original records of the same nature. 4-o THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. 7 THE OUTCROP BELT OF THE EAST KENTUCKY COAL FIELD. To ACCOMPANY A MAP ORIGINALLY PRESENTED TO THE AMER- ICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, JUNE 20TH, i873. BY JOSEPH LESLEY, LATE ASSISTANT ON THE KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Under appointment of David Dale Owen, State Geologist of Kentucky, I began, on the 25th of August, i858, a geolog- ical and topographical survey of the margin of the eastern coal field of the State, to determine its area, and the number, thickness, and attitude of its beds of coal and iron ore, and to get a reliable base for a future survey of the whole eastern coal field as far as to the Virginia line. The base line of my survey was run upon the common roads of the country-flying side lines, and, in some cases, closed looped lines, being carried out sideways to the west- ern outcrops wherever necessary. An admirably constructed odometer was used for measuring distances, and a compass with side-telescope and eccentric target for running courses. Aneroid observations, regularly taken at every station, were checked by clinometric measure- ments made with a vertical circle attached to the telescope, and also by synchronous observations with a barometer sta- tionary in camp. The main base line was also carefully leveled, for a distance of about two hundred miles, with a spirit-level, which was also used on some of the side lines, in order to tie the parts of the work together, and to give the exact datum above tide- water for all principal stations, in view of adopting them as starting points of the contemplated survey of the whole coal field. The work thus described was continued from September x, 1858, to November I, 1859, seven months being passed in field work, and with the following results: 43 8 lREPORT ON THIE UNFINISHED WORK UNDER 1st. A large contour-line map was made on a scale of three miles to the inch, which has never been published. The original plottings were on a scale of five hundred feet to the inch. This map includes only the ground covered by the survey, and shows the positions of towns, county line cross- ings, coal openings, and other points of interest, as well as the crossing of the long east and west base line run by S. S. Lyon, Assistant on the State Geological Survey. 2d. The map, now published for the first time, to accompany this description, was compiled from the survey sheets of the first named map, from old maps in the Internal Improvement Office, from railway surveys, and from the old State map. 3d. A base line for future use, extending in a general south- west direction along the strike of the formations, beginning at a point five hundred and ninety-seven feet above tide, close by the town of Grayson, in Carter county, Northeast Ken- tucky, and extending, by a loop embracing a section covered by the Little Sandy river and its tributaries, to the ridge dividing Carter from Rowan counties; thence across the east end of Bath county to Jeffersonville, in Montgomery county; thence to the Red River Iron-works, on the edge of Estill county; thence to the town of Proctor and its coal mines, on the Kentucky river; thence across Owsley county to McKee, in Jackson county; thence to Mt. Vernon, in Rockcastle coun- ty, and Somerset, in Pulaski county; thence across the Cum- berland river, at the "lower ford," to Monticello, in Wayne county; and thence to its southern terminus on the Tennessee State line, in Clinton county, at a point on the waters of Wolf river, one thousand and nineteen feet above tide. 4th. The establishment of sixty-two bench marks, showing elevation above tide and above low water in the Ohio river at Catlettsburg. 5th. An unpublished geological section to accompany Map No. i. VThese maps were loaned to the U. S. engineers by the Government of the Common- wealth during the late civil war. The most careful search for them has been unsuccessful Through the kindness of General Hnmphreys, the records of the engineer corps et Washington have been ransacked in this fruitless search. N. S. S. 422 THIE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. By observations made during the progress of the work, the following points of scientific interest present themselves: ist. In approaching this coal field from Middle Kentucky, over the lower Silurian formations, one is confronted by a belt of cone-shaped hills, having the Devonian black slates in their gently sloping bases, upon which rise steeper slopes of the olive-colored shales and overlying grit stones of the same system. These shales and grit stones, together, vary in thick- ness from three hundred and fifty to five hundred and fifty feet, the lower and larger division of the formation having disseminated through it nodular masses of earthy iron ore, giv- ing origin to numerous chalybeate springs, the upper division affording valuable building stone. Upon the above named rocks lies the Mountain or Sub-car- boniferous limestone, varying in thickness from seventy feet, at the north end of the line, to four hundred feet and more at the southern end. This formation is composed of alternating layers of white, grey, and buff-colored strata, ranging in qual- ity from argillaceous claystone to the purest plaster limestone. The lowest members of the series hold large dark green flint pebbles, and exhibit traces of galena. Dry valleys and numer- ous caves distinguish this formation. Above these limestones lies the millstone grit formation (the Conglomerate No. XII of the Pennsylvania Survey), in two members, the lower made up of thin sandstones and shales, inclosing beds of coal and iron ore. This is named the - Sub-conglomerate " member. The upper or "1 Conglom- erate" proper consists of a massive, coarse-grained ferrugin- ous sand-rock containing pebbles. The two members of this formation thicken southwestward- ly, as do also the rocks of the previously mentioned formations, on which they repose, but under different and peculiar condi- tions. At Grayson the whole formation measures ninety feet, with the "lowest" coal bed-a mere streak-jammed between its base and the top of the limestone. 4V3 9 to REPORT ON THE UNFINMIED WORK UNDER At the north fork of Licking river the upper member is one hundred and fifty feet thick; while the lower one is only eight feet thick, and contains a well-defined bed of iron ore and a twelve-inch coal bed. In Estill county the upper member measures two hundred feet; the lower has also increased to fifty feet, its accompany- ing ore bed being now workable, and its coal bed measuring twenty-seven inches in thickness. From this last named point to the south end of the line at the Tennessee State line the peculiar character of this for- mation shows itself in a marked manner, its lower member increasing to an average thickness of two hundred and twenty- five feet, and containing two workable and three other thin beds of coal, and three well-defined horizons of shale contain- ing iron ore, its upper member nowhere exceeding eighty feet in thickness. The point of sudden change lies geographically between the top of the ridge dividing the Red and Kentucky rivers and the valley of the Kentucky river itself. The -lowest" coal bed holds its place throughout the belt, the other Sub-conglomerate coals mentioned above coming in, one by one, above it, and in proportion to the constant thick- ening of the lower member of the formation. Back from the greatly eroded and boldly rising wall of the Conglomerate, which always marks the western margin of the East Kentucky coal field, lie, thinly spread over a plateau trenched by ravines, the lowest layers of the lower coal meas- ures proper. 2d. All the formations mentioned above dip to the south- east, making the western side of a wide and shallow synclinal trough. 3d. This great wave, having its axis in a direction north northeast and south southwest, is itself crossed by undula- tions of no great height and depth, having their axes west northwest and east southeast. Gentle as those undulations were, they were quite sufficient to determine the principal 44 THE DIRECTION OF DR. DAVID DALE OWEN. I I lines of drainage which issue from the mountain country into the plain. 4th. All the formations examined along the base line thicken, and also rise above sea level, going towards the southwest. 5th. The lowest Sub-conglomerate coal varies in thickness, but is persistent throughout the whole extent of the belt sur- veyed, a distance of about two hundred miles. 6th. Different species of trees mark the outcrops of the different geological formations. The sugar-tree and other maples, and the white oak, are characteristic of the base of the Devonian " knobstone" series. Beech and red cedar grow on the Sub-carboniferous limestones. Pine, hemlock, laurel, and holly possess the Conglomerate cliffs and peaks. Chest- nut and oak forests cover the shales and sandstones of the great plateau bordered by the Conglomerate bluffs. 425 C- 2- K irt' I - -Q- ;v6Q "I IrNe IN " I , t , , v J- This page in the original text is blank. 'I ;i 09 0ot i _ r ..., A A 1A r-. X a f 217 ,8Rf m i.1atr I LI a f; 15 I, in 0 m o 1 w t I H -1 4 Ily I l l o S 0 j, - i _ 0 l 7s --- : : : i i: oO fE fS :il j 6tl ow ft hi g t' Xt g XZ; [ , da ; A ZL I I ,IFSsfc mS; tT. NE.S,I I W. S " 9 S-2'tt j ' 0.: G ey,,eji,,t j w '5s...... iSi:1 ! \/ t. ! 0 \ [ 1 1 0 j At,; 1 t 0 bZ ;,3ESX' , ZZ Xw Z i, d d+ 1 ;J"AZd 0 4 i e,+ tj-tdl R aR::Si ' - 2 :; tt v, iurd V ;00' ] - wd vw ": 7 0\4 A i.Vi:A, \rif - d =d 5 y rr z 4w1 . f , ' 0. t1 8w i Ftbll Wt S f JiAbS 0',0XX'' e _ ac S dZ A0Z 2 9!d Y:: Y'' ddl i j o ; d1/ 7/o A 1 ; 6 PsWs,, rs s . / vsy d. This page in the original text is blank. 9 , .1 /IX y s- I N - !1 ! .i 'IV " " I I I i z I : 11 -- 01 - Ilt tI / I / V Q I X \ k i i I w\ j44 49 4; s A 7 A '. V 4 V "49' 9- ( 0 , '/7 Vt '5 '4 As S 1 N AL \ \ He l ' .11 11 1 1 111.1 1 i i I I I .. -- I II I i I I I I,, 1,1 N t I - 1] X 1;jCNi' i I I. I I Em i pd I I /t'/N't+ eS. :'-; g He \ & \l xa oto ' ;, ! 2 i I A. Iw'/ I W' xi I "t . " I''s\ et gA j j l/ .n, Y I X, Q.. , I I n, --,- 11 ,i,,, L' -O., , I / . '-I.- I1, I i I I I 11- I--J,I- -o I" I '9 jl / '" C J 34 -vi - '9 N X i, i - ' , 'T d t. li "'J le i I . I i 14 l. I Bali ,'9 '9- p 4, 44 V4 9' "-'4 9 '-' 99 1 .4"- x ' 3 , - M , ,9 9 I I i I \Xps "-9 ''4t \ Aa e \ /-\ A'' 9Af'et! t) 'r , 5 , ._._-U "' Q 'U] 3 eat9 i 4 T, T rl i I i I Z :,z ,A I --- 9 I I I I - --- II i i i I II I RECONNOISSANCE OF FOR THE A BASE LINE EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELD. To Accompany :Part VIII, Vol. III, SECOND SERIES, 'qEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. INDEX. The refere-ce is to the betl- jatgi..) Adirondack woods, probable results of felling the ....... Agelacrinites . . Agricultural School, instruction in the, by officers of the Survey. Agricultural School, future relations of the, with the Survey . . Airdrie Furnace, cause of the failure of .......... . . Allen, J. A., memoir of ................... Alps, Italian, denudation of the ............... Alps, Lower, depopulation of the provinces of the ...... Alps, Upper, desolations of the torrents of the ........ Alps, Upper, former fertility of the ............ . . Alps, Upper, result of grading and re-wooding in the ..... ....... . ..... : . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . ..I . . . . .. . . . . ..I .. . . .. . . . . . 2 ...... . . .. 25 . . . . . . .I 280, : , i96, I to 271, Apennines, denudation of the . ...... ........ .......... Appal_,chian chain, importance of a study of the............... . Appalachian Mountains, heavy rain-falls caused by the .............. Appalachian Mountain system, sections and divisions of the ........... Appalachian system, outlying ranges of the... ............. 219, Appalachians, Kentucky and Tennessee section of the ... . . . . . . . . 220 to Appalachians, relative age of the faults itl the Tennessee section of the ...... Argillaceous deposits during the Cincinnati period.'.... . . . . . . . . . i60, Ashland coal . ............................... Axis, Clarksville...... ..... ... ................. Axis, Richmond .... . . . . . . . . . . . ............... Axis, Unaka. ...... .... ............ Black swamps, process of formation of. ... . 70 Barnard, J. M., aid furnished by. Baryta, sulphate of, at Lexington .... . . . ................ Base-lines of the first Survey, usefulness of the, lost ............... Base-line Survey of the Eastern coal-field, method of the............ Base-line from Grayson to Carter countiesu.n .. ............... Beatricea. Beaumont, Elis de; reference to his theory of mountains.. . . . . . . . . . . . Beaver Creek, ruined blast furnace on. Beaver Creek, water-powers of ... . . . . .................. Beaver dams, former beneficial effect of ..................... Beckham, C. W., joined to the Coast Survey .................. Belgium, railways of, administered by the State ................. Belgrand and Vallks; reference to their theory of inundations ........ . 244, Bell county. agricultural resources of ...................... Big Blai e Creek, coal and iron ores of the... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. Big Blaine Creek, water-power of the ... . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... Big Bone Lick .......... . . . . . . . . . . . .. x8, 16i, 162, 194, Big Creek Gap.............................. 426 A 281 '54 "4 150 so 197 274 257 257 253 272 274 219 193 220 220 232 225 t6, 6i 218 220 222 1 71 '97 153 420 421 40 410 220 104 104 403 112 346 245 98 328 328 195 100 427 Big Creek Gap, upturned strata at..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Big Hill, structure of . . . .................................................. 352 Big Sandy coal-fields compared with those of the Little Sandy .... . . . . . . 76 Big Sandy coals, superiority of the..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 335 Big Sandy, iron ores of the..... . . . . ................ 76 Big Sandy river, causes of the violent inundations of .............. . 79 Big Sandy river district, mineral wealth of the ... . ............ 328 Big Sandy river, inundations on the, prevention of ....... . . . ........79, 80 Big Sandy river, possible mileage of the.... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 327, 328 Big Sandy river, practicability of building locks and dams on..... . . . . . . 79 Big Sandy river, proposed improvements on the, by the Federal Government . 328 Big Sandy river, report by N S. Shaler relative to inprovements in the . 78, 79 Big Sandy river and tributaries, estimated cost Of locking and damming the . . 327, 328 Big Sandy Valley, accessibility of coal! in, and their quality ........ Big Sandy Valley, valuable timber resources of the ........... Big South Fork, coals on the ...................... Big South Fork, geology of the .................... Big South Fork, valuable water-power of ................. Bison latifrons ............................. Black hand ore ............................. Black kidney ore . . .............. ..... ...... . Black shale-see also Ohio shale. Black shale, area and prospective value of................. Black shale, depth of, in Eastern Kentucky ................ Blanqui on the destruction of forests in the French Alps ... . . . . 252, Blue clay the result of glacial action. .. .............. Bonville, M. de., on the torrents of the French Alps s.......... Bones preserved in the salt bogs.. . . . .. . . . . . .. .... . . Bootherium cavifrons ................ ...... . . . . Borings, rock, for sub-drainage iron deposits ............... Botanical Survey recommended ....... Bowling Green building stones, character and distribution of the .. ... . 84 Bowling Green oolite, extensive use of the ................ Bowling Green oblite, physical character of the .............. Brachiopods in the Kentucky river limestone ............... Breccias, formation of. ......................... Breccias not always formed by violent rupture... ............ Bridges, natural, formation of ...................... Buffalo remains at the salt springs .................... Building materials, quality of the, of the State .............. Building materials, museum of.... . . . . .............. Burksville, development of Cumberland sandstone near .......... Burksville, first discovery of coal oil near ................. Cabinet, State, administration of the . ................. Cabinet, State, collections for the, by H. Herzer.............. Cabinet, State, growth of the ...................... Cabinet, State, value of the ....................... Cabinets, local, aid offered in forming .................. Calabria, earthquake in, cause of the ................... Calciferous sand rock, salt springs of the ................. Caldwell county, lead region of ..................... Caldwell, jr., Wm. B., engaged as Metallurgist .............. 428 . . . 78 . . 78 .. . 103 . 102, 1o0 . . . lot . 197 .. . 50 ,. 065 ,. o 110 25 to 256 . . 203 .. 257 . . . 196 197 . . . t68 .. . 19 122, 397 397 397 .. . 159 .. . 411 410, 411 359 196, 197 .. 17 26 to z8 394 .. . 107 304 to 306 .. . 301 .. . 304 . . 303 10 233 .. . 195 .. 47 .. . 376 14 INDEX. California sandstone, equivalent of the, in the Cumberlad Mou nstains . . . . . . . z00 Calymene .1.5.0... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. ISo Camp Harvard broken September, 1875 ...... . . ...... . . . . . . . 98 Camp Harvard, health of. in 1875 ............... . . . - 91 Carboniferous Conglomerate, increase in thickness of the, southward . . 187, 188 Carboniferous iron ore..... .. . .. . . ............... 165 Carboniferous period, changes in level during the, due to ice .. . .9.0.. . . . . Ioo Carboniferous period, probable length of time since the. .... . .. .. . . 135 Carboniferous period, repeated glaciation during the . .0....... . Go Carboniferous period, uniformity of the first stage of the ...... .1. 84 Carboniferous vegetation and excessive rain-fall..... . .9.0.... . . . . . go Caribou, remains of the, at the salt springs..... . .. . 197 Carr, L., Assistant in Ethnology...... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 49, 50 Carter's, R. L., well, daily yield of oil at... . ............ . o8 Catlettsburg, establishment of bench-marks at, in 1858-9 . ....... . 422 "-Caudi Galli" in the Waverly beds... . . ................. 175 '-Caudi Galli' marks absent in the Ohio shale..... . ...... . . . . . 172 California, Geological Survey of, referred to...... . . ..... . . . . . . 23 Caverns formed by under-drainage ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 211, 358, 359 Caverns of Kentucky, antiquity of the ...... . . . . . ...g. . . . . . . 194 Caverns of Kentucky, evidences of earthquake action in the ... . . . . . . 237, 238 Caverns f Kentucky, possible future use of the. ............... . 53 Caverns, organic life of the, investigations on the, in 874. . . . . . . . 5 Caverns, preservation of animal remains in.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. 194 Caves of Kentucky-see also Caverns ............ . 53, 194, 211, 237, 358 Cedars, abundance of, near Monticello.. ........ .. ......... .. 04 Centennial Exposition and the industries of Kentucky, preparation of reports upon the. ............ . ................ ... . 289 Centennial Exposition, representation of Kentucky at the .8.. . . . . . . . 286, 287 Centennial Exposition, photographs of natural scenery, &c., for the .3.. . . . 120, 121 Centennial Exposition, representation of Kentucky at the . . 23, 119 to 123, 286, 287 Chetetes lycoperdon .......................... . 150, 159 Chteteies petropolitana.................. ... .. ...... . i5o Chatterawha river-see Big Sandy river. Chemical laboratory, establishment of a, for the Survey..... . . . . . . . . 17 Chemical investigations of the geological deposits of the State needed ...... . 302 Chemistry, agricultural, reports concerning. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and the Eastern Kentucky Railroad .. . ... .. 335 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, future importance of. ........... Chester Group, arenaceous element in the. ............... Chester Group, coal beds of the....... .. . . . . . . . . 182, 183 Chester Group, physical conditions of the period succeeding the ...... Chester sandstone, character and distribution of the ............ Chester sandstone, probably of economic value .. ............ Chester series, coals of the, eastward extent of the ............ Chester series, coals of the, westernmost extension of the. ........ Chicago and Southeastern Railroadr.o ................. Chickasaw Bluffs, character of the .................... Chickasaw Bluffs, lacustrine clays in the ........... Chickasaw Bluffs, suspected local elevation of the ....... Chinquapin lily in Reelfoot Lake .............. Chinquapin lily seeds used as food by Chickasaw Indians.... I, 335, 336 18. J82 384, 385 183. 183 398.398 . . . 398 .. 384 38. . 3 S5 338 . 7 73.74 . .4. . . . 404 .. . ... 21S -' - - - ' ' ' 74 , 75 429 INDEX. 15 x6 INDEX. Cincinnati and Lexington sections, parallelism of the .... . . . . . . .51 to 153 Cincinnati, arenaceous beds at.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Cincinnati Axis-see also Cincinnati-NashviUe Axis. Cincinnati Axis.s........... . o8. 142 to 147, 214 to 218, 353, 354 Cincinnati Axis, age of its formation..... . . . . . . . . . 144 to 147, 217, Cincinnati Axis., faults of the ......................... Cincinnati Axis, geological section across the .................. Cincinnati Axis, influence of the, on the rivers of Kentucky . . . . 147, 217, 218, Cincinnati Axis, successive upheavals of the . . . ........ 146, 147, Cincinnati Axis, the Ohio anticlinal of the .................. Cincinnati Axis, the Ohio synclinal of the .................. Cincinnati, geological position of bottom beds at ................ Gincinnati Group, beds of the, deposited in deep water ............. Cincinnati Group, change in the contents of the beds of the ........... Cincinnati Group, character of the. . . ................. Gincinnati Group, erosion of the rocks of the.. .. .. . . . . . . . .... 143, Cincinnati Group, organic sections in the ... . . .... ........ 154, Cincinnati Group, origin of the .................... . . . . Cincinnati Group, rocks underlying the ..................... Cincinnati Group, salt belts of the.. . .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. ... x61, Cincinnati Group, sandstone beds in the . . . . .. .. .. .. ... . . . 141, Cincinnati Group, section A, formation of the beds of .............. Cincinnati Group, section A, fossil contents of. ................. 218 215 418 354 217 215 23; ISO 192 154 140 '44 155 141 141 362 142 155 155 Cincinnati Group, section B, character and contents of the beds of .s. . . . . 155, 156 Cincinnati Group, section C, character and contents of the beds of ... . . .. . 156 Cincinnati Group, section E. character of the beds of . .... . . . . . . . . 158 Cincinnati Group, succession of species in the ................. . ISo Cincinnati Group, thickening of the beds of the, southward .... . . . . . . . 81 Cincinnati, Lexington rocks compared with those at .... . . . . . . . . . 152, 153 Cincinnati-Nashville Axis-see also Cincinnati Axis. Cincinnati-Nashville Axis..... ............... . 353, 354 Cincinnati-Nashville Axis, depression in the .................. . 354 Cincinnati-Nashville Axis, hills of the.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353, 354 Cincinnati-Nashville Asis, influence of the, on the stream-beds of Eastern Kentucky, 353 Cincinnati period, formation of argillaceous beds during the .o.. . . . . . . 6o, s61 Cincinnati salt deposit of the Calciferous sand rock.1.... . . . . . . . . z62, 195 Cincinnati section, geological position of the beds in the...... . . . . . . . 149 Cincinnati series, unfossiliferous sandstone closing the..... . . . . . . . . . 142 Cincinnati Southern Railway, sandstones on the, in Wayne county . . . . . . . . 302 Cincinnati, succession of rocks at..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153, 154 "Circling" as a means of checking the flow of surface-water. Clarksville Axis, coal-field dislocations along the....... Clays, ancient, subdivision of ................ Clays, blue, of section E .................. Clays, brick and fire .................... Clays, causes of the fineness of ........... .. . . Clays, cavern. ...................... Clays, fire, supposed origin of ................ Clays, lacustrine ...................... Clays, old landn.d.................... Clays, old mariner.i ................... Clays, plastic, abundance of, in the State ........... 430 ........ ..........272 ........ ..........218 ........ .........404 .., ... .. s58 28 ........ .........405 ........ .........406 .177 .404 ........ .........404 ........ .........404 ........ .........303 INDEX. Clays, pond, deposition of, in sink-holes. Clays, pottery, collection of, by the Survey ................ Clays, recent, subdivision of. Clays, river. . . .......................... Clays, yellow, of section C....................... Climatic conditions, the study of ..................... Clinton county, oil area of. ....................... Clinton iron bed, geologiCal position of the ................ Clinton iron ore. Clinton iron ores, transportation of, to the Red River furnace ....... Clinton iron ores continued to Jacksboro, Tennessee ............ Clinton and Wayne counties, the oil supply of............... Coal, Ashland ......... ...... ....... ...... Coal beds, likely to escape cursory observation . ..... ...... . . Coal, Sub-conglomerate, extent of the, of Eastern Kentucky ......... Coal beds, west Kentucky series of, classification of the .......... Coal on the Big Blaine creek... ................... Coal, Chester. ...................... Coal, Coalton. ........ ........ Coal, Cumberland City ......................... Coal field, western, progress in mapping the. ............... Coal field, western, work on the eastern border of the, in 1877 ....... Coal field, western, works on the western border of the, in 1877... ... Coal field, eastern, base-line survey of the, under Dr. Owen ........ Coal field, eastern, results of J. Leslie's survey on the .......... Coal fields, eastern and western, proofs of the former connection of the . 386 17 405. 406 . . 403 405, 406 405 . . 157 ... 20 ...109 169 . .65, 169 .337, 338 . . 100 . . . 109 .. . 301 . . 328 .182, 384 .. 6z, 76 . . 105 .368, 369 . . . 368 . . 368 421, 422 . . 422 407, 408 Coal field, eastern, shales and grit outlying the .. ........... . . . 423 Coal field, eastern, synclinal trough of the . .1.1............ . .. . 424 Coal fields of Western Kentucky, richness of the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Coal measures, few useful building stones in the ......... ... .. .. . 398 Coal measures, true limit of the....................... 385 Coal oil found in the shale beds .1.0.7.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107, 108 Coal oil in Kentucky, first discovery of.1.7..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7 Coal oil obtained from the distillation of shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107. 1, 388 Coals of the Chester series, unproductiveness of the...... . . . . . . . 384, 385 Coals, purification of, for use in iron manufacture..... . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Coals of Eastern Kentucky, value of the. . . . -.. . . . . . . . . . 335 Coal fields, western, completion of a map of the.. ...... . . . . . . . . . 50 Coals of the western district, fitness of, for manufacturing purposes . . . . . . . . 5t Coalton coal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6t Coast Survey, cooperation of the State Survey with the .. . ...... 12, 13, III Coast Survey, geodetic work of the, in Kentucky ...... . .. ....... 371 Coast Survey and State Survey, proposed boundary line triangulation by the . . . 294 Coast Survey, triangulation in Kentucky by the.... . . . . . . . . . . 295 Coast Survey, work done in Kentucky by the, in 1875 . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Collections, representative, for the State of Kentucky . . . . . . . i5, z6, 2S, z6, 86 Collections, Survey, arrangement of the ..... . .. ........ . 305 Collections, Survey, system proposed for the..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Columbus ridge a local elevation.. . . . . ................. . 139 Compass variations, correction of, by meridian stones in local surveys. . ... 373 Conglomerate, Carboniferous, gradual appearance of life in the .188 Conglomerate, Carboniferous, quarts pebbles in the .187, 188 431 i8 INDEX. -Conglomerate" member of the millstone grit .... . ...... . . . . . . 423 Continents, elevation of, cause of the... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Conularia ....... . .. . .. . ........... . .. . .. . . . 150 Convict labor, estimated cost of employing, on railway construction ... . . . 344. 345 Convict labor, proposed utilization of ................ . 330, 344 to 346 Coral reef, ancient, at Ohio Falls ....................... . 408 Coral reef, ancient, in Nelson county..... . . . ...... . . . . . . . 408 Corals, fossil, in the Corniferous limestone . ........ . . . 395 Corals, reef-building, causes limiting their development ... . .... . .180 Corniferous limestone, absence of the, under the Ohio shale . . ....... 387 Corniferous limestone changed to breccia in Lincoln county . .......... 395 Corniferous limestone, economic importance of the ..... ...... 394 County reports, special................. ......... . 380, 381 County reports, progress in the publication of. . . . . 313, 314 County reports, value and estimated cost of. . .. . 314 Covington, blue-grey pottery clay at. . . . 405 Cox, Dr., criticism of Dr. Owen's classification by. . . .. 301 Co., E. T., report on the fossil molusca by..... . . ..... . . . . . . . 38 Crandall, A. R., appointed geological assistant. ..... . . . . .... 3 Crandall, A. R., employed as teacher of geology in the State University ..... . 23 Crandall, A. R., insestigations on the timber of Eastern Kentucky by ... . .. 6i Crandall, A. R., reconnoissance down the Cumberland by .. . ...... . . . 98 Crandall, A. R., sent to Philadlphia in 1876............ .... . 286 Crandall, A. R., topographical reconnoissance in 1876 by .. . .. 292 Crandall, A. R, work of, along the proposed railway from the Big Sandy to Central Kentucky ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . 299 Crandall, A. R., work of, in 1874.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Crandall, A. R., work on the coal beds south of Menifee county ... . . . . . . 298 Crinoids as a source of limestone supply in the Sub-carboniferous period . . .. .ISO Cumnberland City, coal mines at.... . . . . .... ........... so5 Cumberland county, oil product of, difficulty in transporting the . . . .8. . . . . to8 Cumberland county, oil supply of . .0.7... . ................ 107 Cumberland district, oil of the, superiority of the...... . . . . ...... log Cumberland escarpment, dip of the beds of the..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Cumberland Gap, Clinton iron ores south of .................. . too Cumberland Gap district compared with Eastern Pennsylvania ... . . . . . . . 96 Cumberland Gap district, industrial importance of the..... . . . . . . . 96 to 98 Cumberland Gap formed by a fault .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227, 228 Cumberland Gap Furnace . ...... . . . ... . ........... 94 Cumberland Gap, importance of a railway through the .... . ..... . . . . 98 Cumberland Gap and Northern Kentucky, comparison of the rocks of . .. 19i Cumberland Gap, proposed water route to... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 324, 325 Cumberland Gap region, picturesque beauty of the . .. . . . .. . 91 Cumberland Gap region, prospective production of pig iron in the .. ... . . . 95 Cumberland Gap, iron manufacture at, cost of .............. . 94, 95, 96 Cumberland Gap iron ores, transportation and cost of working the . . . . . . . 94, 96 Cumberland Gap, pig iron manufacture at, cost of.... . . . . . . . . . . . 94, 95 Cumberland Gap, possible railway routes from Central Kentucky to . ..... . . 337 Cumberland Gap, thickness of iron ores at.... . . . ..... . . . . . . . 94 Cumberland Gap, work done at the, in 1875. ................. . 92 Cumberland Gap, coal beds of the .... . . . . . .. 92 Cumberland Gap, Harvard Summer School of Geology at, il 1875 . ..... . 89 432 INDEX. 19 Cumberland Gap region, necessity for a detailed survey of the ... . . . . .. 88 Cumberland Gap, railroads of Kentucky and the .... . ...... . . . . . 88 Cumberland Gap uplands, agricultural value of the.... . ..... . . . . . 98 Cumberland Mountain, faulting of the .... . ............ 226, 227 Cumberland Mountain, folds of the, older than the faults . ........... . 232 Cumberland Mountains, iron ores of the, their situation and depth ... . . . 92 to 94 Cumberland Mountain, valuable timber west of .... . ...... . . . . . . 102 Cumberland river, desirability of improved navigation on the . ......... . 323 Cumberland river, direction of the, causes determining the . . ..... . . . 139, 355 Cumberland river, estimated cost of a water route from the Kentucky to the . . . . 325 Cumberland river, relation of the, to the Kentucky river...... . . . . . . . 361 Cumberland river, swampy nature of the head-water tributaries of the ...... . 238 Cumberland river, Upper, estimated cost of improvements on the ... . . . . 328, 329 Cumberland river, Upper, examination of the timber of the, by Mr. DeFriese 307 Cumberland river, Upper, possible improvements in the navigation of the . . . 328, 329 Cumberland river, Upper, water.power of the..... . . . . . . . . . . .... 83 Cumberland River Valley, present conditions and future prospects of the ... . . 83 Cumberland sandstone .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152, 159, 387, 394 Cumberland sandstone, distinctive color of the..... . . . . . . . 159, i6o, 394 Cumberland sandstone, extinction of life in the..... . .t..... . . . . . 159 Cumberland sandstone, mineral oil deposited in the .. . ...... .. . . . 387 Cumberland sandstone, thickening of the, southward .... . . . . . . . .. i6o Cumberland sandstone, thickness of the ..... . . ....... . . . . . . 394 Cumberland synclinai, sections across the..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 300 Current action, evidences of, in the clays of section C..... . . . . . . . 157, 158 Curves in mountain ievation, causes modifying .. .. .. . .. ... . . . . . 225 Cypress forests, economic value of the..... . . . ...... . . .. . . . 75 Cypress trees, cause of the death of....................... . 74 Dams, advantages of movable ....... . .. . ........ . . .. . . . 330 Dams., construction of ............................ . 330 Dams and slides ........... .................. . 330, 331 Dams and slides, applicability of, on the Licking river . . . ........... . 332 Dams and slides in connection with railway transportation . .332 Dams and slides, system of, used in Austria. .331 Dauphiny and Provence in the fifteenth century. .249 Dauphiny, physical decay of the uplands of . ......... . . 250 DeFriese, L. H., employed as botanist . .306 lIeFriese, L. H., investigations of, on the forests of Kentucky ... . . . . . 375, 399 Detri al deposits in the Gulf States ......... . ... . 136 Devonian black shale-see Ohio shale. Diamond Cave, Edmonson county . .53 Dips, local, in East Kentucky ... . ........... . 230 Dislocations in an axis of elevation........ ......... ... . . 216 Dismal Rock, thickness of the Carboniferous Conglomerate at.. .. . 187 Dolomitic limestones, thickness of the, in Kentucky. ... . 18 Dolomitic limestones of Kentucky formed in deep water . . . .. .i8 Double Mountain, origin of .. . ....................... 227 Drainage, underground ....... . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . 211, 358, 359 Drift not represented in Kentucky....... . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . igs Durance river, fertility of the sediment of the . .......... . 247 Dykes, system of, for reclaiming swamps.. . . 7 1... . . . . . . . 71, 72 VOLl 1t.-28 433 Earthquake convulsions, improbability of the reoccurrence of, in Kentucky . . 235, 236 Earthquake shocks of i 8i i, severity of the... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Earthquakes an essential feature of the economy of the earth .d.s.. . . . . .. 233 Earthquakes, causes of. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. .. . . 233, 234 Earthquakes, remote from mountain chains .... . . ...... . . . . . . . 234 Earthquakes, three classes of subterranean disturbances likely to produce . . 234 Eastern field, topographical work in the, in 1876 . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 291, 292 Economy, the true, of a State.... . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . 25 Edmonson county, caverns of .... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . 53 Edmonson county, iron products of ... . ...... 51 Edmonson county, iron resources of . ............................... . ....... 51 Elephas primigenius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197, 207 Elevation and subsidence, causes of..... . . . . . 1.9 Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, work along the line of the . . ..... . . 47 Elk, remains of the, at the salt springs . . ..................................... 197 Ellett, Mr., plan of, for restraining the Ohio river floods..... . . . . . . .. 66 Erosion, excessive, by spring floodsd.s. ................... Erosion, excessive, of the East I ennessee section . . . . . . . ...... .. . Erosion of mountain escarpments .... . . . ............... Escarpments, retreat of, by erosion. .................... Escarpment ridges, character of the...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 352, Estill county, coal and ore of the Sub-conglomerate in .............. Estill county, Conglomerate and Sub-conglomerate in .............. Exhibitions, industrial, display of the resources of the State at .......... Expenditures of the Survey, economy in the ..... . . . . . . . . . . . 309, Explorations, special, by the assistants of the Survey .............. Evelyn's -Sylva," influence of, in Engtandg.l ................ Faults, circumstances of the occur ence of ................... Faults, conditions of formation of . ..................... . Faults, great North and South, not formed violently ............... Ferruginous shales of the Eastern coal field d. ................ Fevers of the swamp region, how to diminish the ................ Fire-clays of the Waverly series, formation of the ............... Fire, destruction of the first Survey records by..... . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Fish-breeding recommended ....... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 19, 54, Fish culture as a source of food...... . . .. .... ........ 53 Fish, domestication of non-indigenous species of ............... . Fish Commission, U. S., and the supply of fish eggs ............... Fish Commissioner for the State recomededn.. 243 230 224 224 353 424 424 23 310 98 265 225 2,8S 2,8 423 72 177 S 43 125 S 54 55 56 56 Fisheries of Kentucky, an especial appropriation needed for the.. .. . . . . . 125 Flatwoods, breccia of cannel coal at.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 205 Floods, summer, less destructive in the United States than in Europe ... . . . . 243 Flood-water, storage reservoirs for...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 58 Folds resulting from lateral pressure, classes of..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Forces, telluric, classification of.................. . . .. .. 212 Forces, interior, of the earth.... . . . . . . . . . . . 212, 213 Forest-see also Woodland and Trees. Forest lands of Kentucky, preservation of the.................. 400 Forests, beneficial influence of..... . . . . . . . . . . 258, 259 Forests, consequences of the destruction of.... . . . . . . . . . . 259, 260, 402 Forests, destruction of, in France...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 267, 268 434 20 INDEX. INDEX. 21 Forests, destruction of, loss of water-storage power by, &c........... . .402 Forests, economic value of, discused. Forests of France. Forests, the, of Germany . ... ...... Forests, importance of the preservation of .... Forests, influence of, in preventing inundations . Forests, proposed report on the ......... Forests, protection of, for game ....... Forests, protection of, by the French government. Forests, relation of, to climate ... .. ..... orests, Freports on the ............. Fossils, curious, discovered at Anticosti...... Fossils, practical value of..... . . . .... ........... .................402 ............ ...................267 .............. . . . . . . 276 . . . . . . . . . . . . .261, 26z ...... .......243 to 246, 402, 403 .. ............. . 124 .2. ...... . 266 . ...... . 269, 270 .307. ........... . . . 307 .. ............. . 306 .. ............. . 410 Fowler, Judge, of Livingston county, and the New Madrid earthquakes ...... France, annual consumption of lumber in .................. . . France, forests of....... .. . . . . ................ France, Government sales of woodland in. ................... France, inundations in, in the Middle Ages . ................. France, means adopted for securing the soil of exposed localities in ....... France, movable dams, use of in ........................ France, protection of forests in . ...: .................. France, reduction of forests in. from 1750 to s86o ............... Frankfort, fossil sponges at .......................... Frankfort shalel.e............................. Frenchman's Knob, Hart county, the eastern limit of the Chester coal beds . Ad Freshets," cause of..... . .. ........ Freshets in the Kentucky rivers, control of . Fur creek, coal bed on, reported by Mr. Evan Jones. Fur creek, indications of iron ore on .......... Fur creek, seams of coal on .............. Furnaces, advantageous sites for ............ Galena in the Kentucky River district ......... Galipolis, land recovered from the Ohio at . . .. Gar-pikes characteristic of the Mississippi river system Geodes, formation of ... Geodetic survey, importance to the State of a. . ... i6 235 269 267 270 246 271 330 270 267 151 150 384 ...... ....... .. 241 to 243 . . . . . . . . . . 312, 313 . ... . . . . . . . .77 . .. ....... ........I.... . 77 ........ . . . . 77 ..... . . . . . . . ... 95 . . . . . . . . . . . .153 .............. . . . . . . . . . 64 . . . . . . . . . . 137 ........ ............ ..411 .........s. 112 Geological Survey, additional work of the, for the Centennial Exhibition, 285, 286, 289 Geological Survey, appropriations for continuing the, urged ... . . . . . . 382, 383 Geological Survey appropriations for 1874-'5 exhausted .. . ........... 113 Geological Survey, appropriation for reviving the.. . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34 Geological Survey, approximate expenses for the future work of the .... . . . . 382 Geological Survey, assistants of the.... . . . . . ............. 5 Geological Survey, assistance rendered to the........ . . . . . . . . . . 5, 6, 19 Geological Survey, cooperation of the Coast Survey with the .t... . . . . . . 12, 13 Geological Survey, distribution of the Reports of the ...... .... . . 22, 23 Geological Survey, division of.the work of the, inl 1876, 1877 ............-.. . . 367 Geological Survey, economic results of the, for 1874. ...... . . . . . . . 6o, 6r Geological Survey, economy in the administration of the, 1874-'5 .... . . . . . 114 Geological Survey, efficacy of the, as a training school ........... . . . 24 Geological Survey of 1876, appropriation for the. . . .. ..... . 285 Geological Survey of 1876, field and office svork of the, delayed ....... . 290, 308 Geological Survey of x877, proposed work for the .... . . .. . . . . . . . . 310 435 . . . . . Geological Survey, employment of the assistants of the, in 1877 ....... . 374, 375 Geological Survey, estimates for 1876, 1877..... ............ . 381 Geological Survey, expenditure of the, for 1874 . ...............................;29 Geological Survey, expenses for the outfit of the .6............ . . . . 6 Geological Survey, First, fragments of the, delay in bringing out the ... . . . . 420 Geological Survey, First, base line of the, unserviceable .... . . . . . . . 417, 418 Geological Survey, First, cartographic work of the ..... . .......... 12 Geological Survey, First, destruction of the records of, by fire ...... . . . 3, 43 Geological Survey, First, organized in 1854............... . .. . 33 Geological Survey, First, results of the, on the Eastern coal field. ..... 422 Geological Survey, First, success and failure of the. . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 42 Geological Survey, First, misplaced work of the, in cartography .417 Geological Survey, First, rarity of the reports of the .20 Geological Survey, First, records of the. .4.7.... . . ........ . 417 Geological Survey, First, results of the . . .... ..... ......... 41, 42 Geological Survey, plan adopted in resuming the. ......... .. . . . 43 Geological Survey, summary of the work of the, in 1874. . . . . . . . .47 to 49 Geological Survey, Harvard Sum-er School of Geology, and the . . . 89, 90, 307, 310 Geological Survey, importance of preserving full records of the work of the. . . . 15 Geological Survey, important results of the, for 1877...... . . . . . . . 407, 408 Geological Survey, information required by the . ... .......... .. 8 to lo Geological Survey, limitation in the geological work of the . ....... . 374 Geological Survey, map work of the, cost of the. . ... . ..... . . . . . . 370 Geological Survey, method of publishing the results of the .... . . . . . . 20 to 23 Geological Survey, objects of a. . .... .... . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8 Geological Survey, objects of the................. . . .. . 7, 43 Geological Survey, organization of the......... .. .. .. ... . . 3 to 5 Geological Survey, plan for the future work of the.. .... .. 381 to 383 Geological Survey, preliminary work of the. . .. . .. . 8 Geological Survey, proposed future topographical work of the . ...... 372 Geological Survey, publications of the, for 1576. ....... 308, 309 Geological Survey, publication of the, cost of printing the ........ . . . 22, 23 Geological Survey, publications of the, method of distributing the. ... 22, 23 Geological Survey, publications of the, up to 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 to 380 Geological Survey, the Second, to continue the work of the First. ... 45 Geological Survey, scientific memoirs of the. . .. .126 Geological Survey, scientific work of the, kept subordinate to the economic . . . . 407 Geological Survey, time required to finish the, from January, 1874 ....... . 29, 30 Geological Survey, unfinished work of the ......... Geological Survey, work of the, delayed in 1876.. ... Geological Survey, work of the, in 1875, summarized . Geological Survey, work of the, in the autumn of 1873 .... Georgia, effects of the destruction of forests in ....... Germany, preservation of forests in............. Glacial drift, relation of the salt lick deposits to the . . Glacial pebbles, absence of, in Kentucky ....... Glacial period, elevation and depression of land during the . . Glacial period, increased rain-fall of the........ Glacial periods, temperature of the polar regions during the. Glaciers, Kvntucky not swept by .............. Grayson, thickness of the Millstone grit at. Grayson Springs ..... . ...... ........ . 436 .. . .. . . . 414 . ..... 315 ........ . . . . . . 113 ............ . . 44 . . . . . . .281, 282 , ...... ......276, 277 . 198 .......... . . 204 . .. ..... . 191 . ............... . 203 ...........190 .360, 362 ,...................423 45 22 INDEX. Great Britain, the coal fields of........................ . 39 Great Britain, forests of, more of economic than geographical value ....... . 265 Great Britain, Geological Survey of... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 23 Great Britain, small proportion of forest in..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Green River, improvements needed on .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Green River system, ichthyology of the.. ............... . . 54 Green River, the water-power of . . . . . ............... ... ............ ... 58 Green River Valley, valuable iron resources of .o............. . . . 50, 51 Green River, Waverly rocks on the, well suited for building stones ... . . . . . 396 Green River Knob, westernmost limit of the Chester coals at.... . . . . . . . 385 Green River, value of the mineral deposits on ............... . 322, 323 Green River Valley, iron resources of the . Greenup county, nature of the work done by Dr. Owen in . Greenup district. richness of ores in the. -langing Rock iron district .. ................... Harvard Summer School of Geology and the Survey .S. .. . . . . . 89, I Harvard Summer School of Geology, method of instruction in the .... Harvard Summer School of Geology, success of the, in 1875 ....... Hematite, fossiliferous, at Cumberland Gap ............... Hemp lands, restoring wastet.e................... Hlemp plant, chemistry of the, by Dr. Peter r............. Henry county, survey of the lead region of ............... Herzer, Rev. H., employed as collector for the State Cabinet ....... Herzer, H., work of, in 1877 ..................... Hickman ridge a local elevation.... . . . . . .......... Holland, dyke system of. ....................... Horse, bones of the, at the salt licks .................. Hunt, r. S., on the origin of salt springs .............. . Huron shale ..... . . . . . . . . ................ Huron shale, better expressed by the name Ohio shale .......... Hussey, J., appointed botanical assistant ................ Ice action, influence of, in shaping river valleys ............. Ice, depression of the land by..... . . . . . . . . ........ Ice action in wearing away rocks ks.................. Insurance companies, forest, suggested formation of ........... Inundations, compensations of ..................... Inundations, removal of forest trees a cause of.............. Iron, accumulation of, from decaying sea-weed ............. Iron, cold blast, at Cumberland Gap, cost of producing ......... Iron, deposition of, by infiltration ................... Iron deposits below the drainage level ................. Iron furnaces of the country, competition among the........... Iron Hills Furnace .......................... Iron ore beds, origin of ........................ Iron ore o s the Big Blaine creek .................... Iron ore, Clinton .......................... Iron ores of Eastern Kentuckyt.u .................. Iron ores, Peach Orchard ....................... Iron ore, Preston ore banks ...................... Iron ore, Silurian, origin of the .................... Iron, pig, cost of manufacturing, at Cumberland Gap .......... Iron, stone coal, at Cumberland Gap, cost of producing ... . . . . . . .. . . 44 . . . 93 .. . 60 go, 307, 310 .... 90 91 .... 94 45 .... 302 .. . . 49 .. . . 301 . . . 374 .. . . 139 71, 72 .. . . 197 ... i6i .... 169 ... 169 .. .. Iq 49 362 .... 189 .. . . 187 .. . . 401 ... 246 241 to 243 .... 164 . 95 . .i66, 167 .... t68 97 .. . . 327 . 163 to 167 .. . . 328 64, 169, 337 335 .. . . 76 . . . 93 .. .. 165 . . . 94 96 437 INDEX. 23 Isoard, Col, valley of, a basin of reception" ........ Isoteles gigas ...................... Italy, destruction of forests in ............... Italy, geographical importance of forests not recognized in. Italy, proportion of woodland in . .... ....... Jacksboro, abutment of the Cumberland Mountain at .... Jackson Purchase, character of the surface of . ....... Jackson Purchase, plans for bettering the drainage of .... Jackson Purchase, preparation of a map of ......... Jackson Purchase, unhealthfulness of the region bordering Jellico Mountains, erosion ridge of the ........... Jonas, A. L, joined to the Coast Survey.. . . .. . . .. . Karst, propagation of forests in .... . . ...... Kenton county, deposits of decayed granitic material in Kentucky, absence of all marks of igneous action in .. Kentucky, agricultural interests of, and the State Surveys Kentucky, area and drainage of the surface of........ Kentucky, boundary line between Virginia and ....... Kentucky, building stones of ............... Kentucky, caverns of. . ................. Kentucky caves, no evidence of submersion in the ...... . . . I . . .1. . . . I . . I . . . .......... 252 49, 150, 153, 154 ,.. . 274, 275 . - - - - 275, 276 ....... 273 .. .... . 100 ...... .. . 69 .... . 312, 369 ...... . 369 ...... . 312 . ..... . 100 .. ..... . 112 ... - 277 .. ..... . 205 . .... 213 .. ..... . 123 . . . . . . . 351 .. .... 293 .. ..... . 122 52 53, 358, 359 .. ..... . 138 Kentucky, central district of, topographical work in 2877 in the ......... . 368 Kentucky Central Railroad, proposed extension of the ......... . . . 338, 339 Kentucky and the Centennial Exposition ..... . . . . . . 23, 119 to 121, 286, 287 Kentucky, the Cincinnati Axis of ....................... . 140 Kentucky, climate conditions of, study of the, urged .............. . 127 Kentucky coal fields, access to the... . . . . .. .. . ... . . .. . . 321, 322 Kentucky, commercial importance of the rivers of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Kentucky, cost of a map of ..................... . . . .- 297 Kentucky, cost of completing the topography of .372 Kentucky, development of the economic resources of .14, 15 Kentucky, dislocation phenomena of .214 Kentucky, eastern and western coal fields of, former continuity of the .146 Kentucky, Eastern, building stones of................... . . 398 Kentucky, Eastern, coals of.......... ... ... ... ... ... . 335 Kentucky, Eastern, iron ores of.... . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Kentucky, Eastern, mountain region of, not a barrier to railways .19 Kentucky, Eastern, transportation of the ores of .335 Kentucky, Eastern, the uncultivated region of .118 Kentucky, Eastern, value of the timber of. 6i Kentucky, Eastern, thickening and rise of the formations of, toward the southeast . 425 Kentucky, errors in the existing maps of .................... Kentucky, favorable conditions for iron production in Kentucky, first Geological Survey of, discontinued. .. Kentucky, first Geological Survey of, organized ..... Kentucky, foreign markets and the iron supply of .... Kentucky, forests of, proposed general report on the. Kentucky, forests of, work of the Survey upon the .. Kentucky, Geodetic Survey of, by the U. S. Coast Survey. Kentucky, geological basins of............. Kentucky, highways through, need of east and west Kentucky, the.jiiU country of, as a resort for invalids 438 I I .. . . . . . . . . . . 97 ... . . . . . . . . 33 ............... . . . . . . . . 33 ............... . . . . . . . . 98 ... , . .... 124 .. .......... . 399 ....... 140 ........ ..........334, 343 ...... ...... , . S 24 INDEX. . . . INDEX. Kentucky, ideal section of rocks in. Kentucky, immigration from the East to, barred. ........ Kentucky, immigration a great need of ................ Kentucky, isolation of, from great markets ........... Kentucky, map of, absence of data for the construction of a . . . Kentucky, map of, drawn on the cone projection .......... Kentucky, map of, progress in constructing a ... . . . ...... Kentucky, mineral resources of, development of the .......... Kentucky, mineral resources of, at the Philadelphia Exposition. Kentucky, the mineral region of, and the railways ........... Kentucky, mineral springs of. . ................ Kentucky, mountain regions of, not a barrier to railways ........ Kentucky, natural boundaries of ................... Kentucky, natural wealth of..................... Kentucky, navigability of the rivers of ................ Kentucky, no survey of, by the Federal Government . ....... Kentucky not submerged since the Carboniferous period ........ Kentucky, Northern, rocks of, and those of Cumberland Gap...... Kentucky and Ohio, river valleys of, compared ............ Kentucky, organic life of, observations on the, recommended ...... Kentucky, pamphlet by N. S. Shaler on the resources of ........ Ketaucky period, river erosion during the. .............. Kentucky period peculiar to the Ohio valley ............. Kentucky, photographic survey of, proposed ............. Kentucky, plan for developing the resources of.. ........... Kentucky, pottery clays of... .............. .... Kentucky, prehistoric races of .................... Kentucky, principal geological features ................ Kentucky, probable caverned area of . ............... Kentucky, relation of Virginia and the Carolinas to ....... Kentucky, relative elevation of the general surface of ....... Kentucky, representative collections for ............... Kentucky, survey of the southeast boundary line of ....... . . Kentucky, survey of, time required to complete the .......... Kentucky, Western, material for building stones not found in. Kentucky River beds, position of the... ........ Kentucky River beds, succession of species in the ........ Kentucky River, drainage, peculiar, on the .............. Kentucky River limestone ..................... Kentucky River, plan for bettering the navigation of the........ Kentucky River, rate of fall In the ........ ...... . . Kentucky River, relation of the, to the Cumberland .......... Kentucky, river channels of, no change for a long time in the ...... Kentucky, river systems of, geography of the ............. Kentucky, river systems of, industrial importance of the .. ..... Kentucky, river systems of, relative to fish-breeding .......... Kentucky, river systems of, relative to hydraulic engineering . .... Kentucky, river systems of, relative to navigation ........... Kentucky, river systems of, relative to transportation. . .... Kentucky River and tributaries, estimated cost of locking and damming the . Kentucky River Valley, character of, at Whitesburg ............ 25 148 ... . . 333 ...... ... is8 . . 319, 320 . . . -. 349 . _.... 350 ..... ... 370 .......... 14 .... 286, 287 .. . ... 119 17, 18, 123 334 .... . 35' 4. . . 1, 321 . . 320, 322 I I ..... .....137 ..... ...... 91 ...198, 199 .zz6 ..... ....286 . . . 184, 185 . 85, S86 ... 287, 288 343 to 346 43 to 4o6 ...18, 19 ... . . 133 ... . . 359 . - - - -334 . 363 IS, 16, 25, 26 .... . 294 . .....382 ... . . 399 .-153 IS, 150, 151 .. ... . 360 .. ... . 159 ..324 362, 363 .. ... . 361 .. ..361 . . 355, 356 . 311, 312 ...... . 54 ... . 126 . . . 75 to 83 .. ... . 320 325, 326 . so 439 26 INDEX. Kentucky River Valley, economic importance of the break in the Pine Mountain beds of the ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 81 Kentucky River Valley, timber of .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . Si Kentucky, rivers of, cause of the tortuous character of the ... .... . .... 362 Kentucky, rivers of, economic value of the . .................................. . 357 Kentucky rivers, floods on the......... . ........... .. . . 59 Kentucky, rivers of, former levels of the...... . ........ . . . . . 359 Kentucky rivers, freedom from ice of the.................. . . 59 Kentucky, rivers of, improvements in the navigability of the .. . .... . . . . 322 Kentucky, rivers of, irregularity in the disposition of the . ........... . 360 Kentucky, rivers of, origin of the, in beds of the Carboniferous series ..... . . 358 Kentucky, rivers of, rate of fall in the..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 357, 362, 363 Kentucky, rivers of, value to the State of the..... . ..3... . . . . . . . 311 Kentucky, salt springs of .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 141, s6i, 162, 194 to 198 Kentucky section, changes in position of the.... . .. .. 188 Kentucky section, erosive action in the ...... . ............. 232 Kentucky section, how differing from the Allegheny section ......... . 231, 232 Kentucky series, close of the..... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 19o Kentucky shale. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Kentucky, soils, mineral waters, &c., of, in Dr. Owen's second report . . . 35 Kentucky, soils of, in Dr. Owen's third report...... ...... . . . . . . 36 Kentucky, southeast border of, disturbed nature of the . ..... . . . . 293 Kentucky, springs of, necessity of investigation upon the. . . . 55 Kentucky, southeast boundary line of, difficulty in surveying the . . .... . . . 293 Kentucky State Agricultural School, relations of the Survey to the . . . . . . . . 114 Kentucky, Survey of, cost of completing the.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 30 Kentucky and the Survey in relation to science ....... Kentucky, swamp-land, proportion of, in .......... Kentucsky table-lands. height and disposition of the ..... Kentucky, tertiary deposits in .. .... .... ..... Kentucky, time required to complete the Survey of. Kentucky, timber of the lowland regions of . Kentucky, timber resources of, plan for exhibiting the . Kentucky, topography of, information relative to the, wanted. .3. ..... . 125 to 127 . . . . . . . . 363, 364 . . . . . 353. 354 .......... 193 . . . . . . . . . 29, 30 ....... ... . 315 .......... 307 .............. . . . . ... 9 Kentucky, topographical work in its relation to the water-power of ... . . . . . 124 Kentucky, transportation routes of, inadequacy of the..... . . .. . . . . . 117 Kentucky, triangulation of, by the Coast Survey ................ . 13 Kentucky, value of a record of the timber resources of ............. . 124 Kentucky, water-powers of, survey of the, recommended .9.... . . . . . . . . i9 Kentucky, the water system of...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 to 60 Kentucky, Western, former disturbances in.... . . . .. . . . . . . . . 138, 139 Kentucky, Western, geology of, in Dr. Owen's report.... . . . . . . . . . . 34 Kentucky, Western, iron resources of.. . . .. . ...... .. ...... 51 Kentucky, Western, map of the coal and iron district of, completed .o... . . . . So Kentucky, Western, operations in, in 1874.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Kentucky, Westera, origin of the sedimentary beds of... .. . . . . . . . 138, 139 Kentucky,'Western, review of the coals of, by Dr. Owen ............ . 38 Kentucky, Western, richness of the coal fields of....!.. . . . . . . . . . . Si Kentucky, western section of, depressed. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 138 Kentucky, Western, Survey transferred to, in 1874 ............... . 49 Kentucky, Western, timber resources of .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Kentucky, Western, topographical work in, under Dr. Owen .... . . . . . . . 36 440 INDEX. Keokuik Group-see also Waverly Sandstone. Keokuk Group, limestones of the, slight economic value of the. Keokuk Group, richness of the, in building stones ........ Keokuk Group, transformation of the, southwvard .... ... Knox shale .. ........... ......... . . Laboratory, chemical, organization and work of the ........ Laboratory work in 1873-'4 . Lambert ore bank ....... . . ............. Lands, waste, restoration of ................... Laurentian island of the ancient sea ............... Lawrence county, river navigation of............... Leitchfield marls.. . ..... .......... Leitchfield marls, economic value of the ............. Leptsena sericea ........................ Leptoccelia. . . 27 .. ..... . 396 . ....... -395 . ....... 396 . . ..... 149 .. . . . . 7 ,. . . . . . 45 .. ..... . 327 ,. ........... 3 2 .ct88, t8'q 46, 47, 1o6, 391 .. .. . . 46, 47 ..... ... . 156 . . . . . . .173 Leslie, Governor, aid extended by, to the Harvard Summer School of Geology . . .89 Leslie, J., north and south base line by..... . . . ..4.0... . . . . . ., 40 Leslie, J., report of, for the first Survey...... . .... 40 Leslie, J., base line survey of, unsurpassed. .......... . 419 Leslie, J., report -of, referred to...04 . . ..... . .4 Leslie J., value of the work of, in the first Survey............ 420 Leslie, J., survey of the eastern coal fields by.... . ......... 40 Leslie's, J., topographical map of base line survey, reduction and subsequent loss of, 419 Lesquereux, L., on the coal measures of Western Kentucky ...... . . . 37 Lesquereu., L., reports of, on the Carboniferous flora for the first Survey . . . . 37, 40 Lesquereux, L., reports on the flora of the c-oaleasures by... . . . . . . . 37, 40 Levees, insufficiency of, and the remedy . ......................... ... . . 71, 72 Levees, system of, proposed... .................... . . 312 Level, supposed changes of, in the Pine Mountain region. . 238 Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, intustiat inmportance of the . 336 Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, most practicable route Ftsr the . 336 Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, recommeidet estrisio- of, to Abingdon, Va. . 337 Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad, timber re.orces of, if extended. . . 336, 337 Lexington and Cincinnati, relative height of bottom, bes at. . . 150 Lexington. fossil spongrs near . . ....... . . . 151 Lexington rocks, how differing from those at (Ciic-nnati . . ..... . 153 Lexington, saline rocks at.... . . . ........ ..... . . . . . 153 Lexington section compared with the Cincinnati section ...... . . . . . . 151 to 153 Lexington University and the Survey ..... . . . ..... . . . . . . . . 23, 24 Licking River, North Fork, thickness of the Millstone grit on the. . ...... . 424 Licking River, estimated cost of locking and damming the .... . . . . . . 326, 327 Licking and Kentucky rivers, valuable coal and iron district between the . . . 291, 292 Licking River, possible mileage of the.... . . . . . . ....... . . . . 326 Life, succession of, causes which interrupt the . . ............... . 154 Lime, carbonate of, replaced by iron..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . ... .65 Limestone, marine, above the Chester coal .... . . . . . . . . . . . ... .13 Limestone ore, upper, abundance of the .... . . .b..... . . . . . . . 6o, 6z Limestone, Silurian, soils of the... . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . 211 Limestone, the, of section E . . . . ............................... ,, 158, 159 Limestones of the ( incinnati Group, economic ....... ...... . .... .93 Limestones, economic, of Kentucky ...... ......... . . . 392 to 395 Limestones, inter-carboniferous, conditions attending the formation of.... . .. 188 441 28 INDEX. Limestones, lithographic, remains of silicions sponge In th e ........... . SS Line survey of Southeastern Kentucky . . ................. 2. Lingula. . ........... . 153 Liquidamber . ............... . . 137 Liriodendron........ ..... ...... ........... . . 137 Lithographic stones, conditions under which they are formed .... . ...... 85 Lithographic stone from Tripiett creek . ........................ .......... . 85 Lithographic stones of Logan and neighboring counties.... . . . . . .. .. 85 Little South Fork, coals on the......... . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . 103 Little South Fork, geology of the.... . . . .. . . ... ....... 103 Livinigston county, lead region of..... . . . . . . .. ...... . ... 47 Locks, contrivance for dispensing with the use of..... . . . . . . . . 330 to 332 Longitude determinations, observations for, by the Federal Government. .....371 Louisville reef . ........................... Lubricating oil, occurrence, and economic importance of .... ... ... Lyon, S. S., east and west base line by .................. Lyon, S. S, map work by, in Western Kentucky .. ........... Lyon, S. S . survey of Hancock county by. ................ Lyon, S. S., topographical reports of, for the First Survey ... . . . . 34, Mallet, C., reference to researches of, on earthquakes ........... Mammoth, remains of the, at the salt springs ............ . : . Man, prehistoric, remains of. .... . . . . . . ........... Manchester salt-works, necessity of a railroad route to the . ....... Manufactories and the water supply . Map, contour, of Henry and Owen counties. Map formed from detached sueys.. Map, need of a trustworthy . Map of the old Survey corrected . Map, preliminary topographical, described ... ............ Map, sketch, of the outcrop of the eastern coal field ............ Map, State, preparation of a . ................. . . . 370 Map, State, accuracy of the projected ................. Map, topographical, error in the position of points on the ......... Map-making, necessity of preliminary triangulation in .1..... 32. . . . 112 Maps, cost of a series of district .. . . . ............. Maps, district, progress in making .................... Maps, geological, value of. .. .. .............. Maps, State, errors in the best..... . . . . ............. Maps, topographical, of the eastern and western fields ........... Marble, 'Ibird's-eye,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marbles, Kentucky River ..... . . . . . . . . ........... Marbles, Kentucky Riiver, facilities for transporting the .......... Marls, blue, cost of mining ....................... Marls, economic ............................ Marls, fertilizing power of, cause of the. ................ Marls, Leitchfield. . .............. 46, 47 Marts, Leitchfield, origin of the . ...... ........ ...... Marls, methods of determining the value of. ............... 408, 409 3 07, 109 41 34 4 1 16, 37, 41 .. 233 .. . 197 I'9 . 338 . . 59, 60 . . . 49 349, 3 50 117, 296 48 349, 55) 419, 421 371, 372 .371, 372 . . 350 i, 6, 117 297, 298 . 297 . . 10, 11 . . I I .291, 292 .. . 150 392 .. . 393 . 47 ..46, 47 390, 391 1 o6, 391 391 390 Marsh's, G. P., "The Earth as Modified by Human Action," extracts from . 241 to 282 Marshbs, G. P., "The Earth as Modified by Human Action" referred to.402 Marsh creek, cause of the sluggishness of..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 238 Marsh creek, sluggishness of........................ 101, 238 442 Mastodon Ohioticus .. . .. . . . . .................. . . 197 Maury, A., reference to his work on the forests of ancient France. . 246 Mauvaises Terres .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Medina sandstone the equivalent of the Cumberland sandstone .o... . . . . . . i6o Memoirs of the Geological Survey .. ... ......... Menifee county district, purity of the coals of the ......... Meridian lines, establishment of . . .... Meridian stones, erection of, proposed .............. Millstone grit of the eastern coal field. . . ... .... Millstone grit, coals below the, unproductiveness of the ...... Millstone grit introduced a uniform land subsidence ... . .. Millstone grit, inundation of detrital matter during the ...... Mineral springs of Kentucky. . ............ Mineral springs, medicinal properties of the Kentucky ....... Mineral springs, scientific interest of the ............. Mississippi, protection from the inundations of the ........ Mitchell, W. C., appointed assistant .............. Mitchell, W. C., work of, in 1874 ................ Mississippi River, character of the beds bordering the Mississippi river, disturbance of the beds bordering the, in 181 I-'13. Mississippi series of rocks..... . . . .. ......... Mississippi Valley formations not represented in Kentucky .. .. Monticello, coals at. ......... Monticello, fertility of the waterless valleys near ......... Monticello, growth of cedars near ............... Monticello, rise of the beds west of ............... Moore, P. N., added to the Survey ................ Moore, P. N., added to the Survey ... ............ Moore, P. N' leave of absence granted to. .......... Moore, P. N., reconnaissance to Abingdon, Va. ......... Moore, P. N, work of, on the western coal field in 1874. ..... Moore, P. N., work of, in 1874 . ............... Moore, P. N., work of, in 1876 6. ............... Moore, P. N., work on the Red River iron district. ....... Mound-builders, the .. . .... ........ Mound-builders, remains of the, in the river terraces. ...... . . . . . . . 309 . ..... . 298 . . 124, 125 . 373. 374 . . ..... 4'3 . . . . .384, 385 . . . . . . . i86 ....... . . . z86 17, 18, 123 ....... . . . . i8 ....... . . . . i8 .... .. . 312 ......... . . . 48 .......... . . . 48 . ..... . 191 . ..... . 236 . . . . . . 133 .133, 134 ..... ... 104, 0o6 . ..... . 104 . ..... . 104 .......o........105 44 ...... ...... 44, 45 . . . . . . . 313 .......... . . . 98 . . . . . . .o50 . ..... 48, 49 . ..... . 300 . ..... . 299 19 . 207 Mt. Sterling limestone .............. . . . 393 Mountains in a state of unstable equilibrium...... . .......... . . 239 Mountain limestone-see Sub-carboniferous limestone. Mountains of escarpment .. . . .... . . . . . . . . 352 Muldraugh s Hill . . . . 352 Muldraugh's Hill, Keokuk limestone at . .. 396 Mullin, J., photographs for the Survey by. . . . ............ . . 309 Museum of Comparative Zo6logy, at Harvard University . .197 Museum, proposed, for illustrating the resources of the State . . 304 Museums, collection of specimens for .......... . . . 15 Museums of the State, proposed character of the. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26 Musk ox, remains of the.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Names, geographical, for formations of undetermined age . .184 Nelson reef, extent and thickness of .......... . . . 409 Nelson reef, peculiar coral-like fossils of ............... . . . 409, 410 Nehembriuan, or chinquapin lily.. . ...... ....... ....... . 74 443 INDEX. 29 New Madrid earthquake, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Newport, railway from the Big Sandy to, advantages of s ....... Newport, remains of the Elephas primigenius in the terraces at ..... Newberry, Dr., on the origin of petroleum .............. Niagara Group represented in Kentucky ............... Niagara limestone feebly represented in the State ........... Niagara series, deposits of iron ore in the ............... Niagara series, rocks of the, in Kentucky ............... Nile, fertilizing power of the slime of the. .............. Nodular iron Ore .......................... Nolin River, fitness of, for fish culture ................ Nolin River, water-power of ..................... Norwood, C. J., work of, along the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad Norwood, C. J., work of, in 1877. ................. . .... 235 .. ... . 335 . ..0.. 27 ..... . . 171 .1. ... . i63 . 394 . .63, 164 .1. ... . i63 . . - - - 247 ..... .. i65 .. 54 ....... . 58 .. . .47, 48 . . . 374 Norwood, C. J., work of, in Ohio county . . ..... .3.0. . . . . . . . . P Norwood, C. J., Work assigned to, in 1874 .................. Norwood, C. J., work of, on the West Kentucky coal beds ........... Nymphea odorata in Reelfoot Lake e.................... Nyssa . . Oak, black and red, replacing white oak .... . . . ... ........ Oak, white, forests, gradual extinction of...... . . . . . . . . . . .. 3c Oak, white, forests, importance of preserving the .............. Ohio anticlinal, height of the.... . . . . . ............... Ohio axis-see Cincinnati axis. Ohio Falls, corniferous limestone at the .................... Ohio Falls reef, extent of the ........................ Ohio Island . . .... ...................... Ohio River beds, succession of life in the ................... Ohio River, cost of plantations for controlling the changes ol Ohio River, deflection of the, by the Cincinnati axis . . . - Ohio River, destruction by the floods of the, in July, 1875 . Ohio River, Mr. Ellett's plan for restraining the ...... Ohio River, loss of land on the ..... . . ..... Ohio River, pollution of the, by sewage. . ... Ohio River, proposed introduction of the shad and Californis Ohio River, remedies for the wearing of the banks of the . Ohio River system, drainage of the. . . ..... Ohio River, tributaries of the, different rates of fall in the Ohio River, valley table lands of the ... ... .. Ohio, river valleys of, shaped by glacial action ...... Ohio River, widening and shoaling of the ........ Ohio shale .... . .. . . ........... Ohio shale, former estension of the. ........... Ohio shale, fossils of the ................ Ohio shale, iron ore in the............... Ohio shale, New York representatives of the ....... Ohio shale not altered by heat .............. Ohio shale, oil deposits in the .............. Ohio shale, position of, relative to the Oriskany sandstone . Ohio shale, possible economic value of the ...... Ohio shale, southward thinning of the .. ....... Ohio shale, uniformity of conditions during its formation. . 444 0o, 301 . 47 301 74 . 137 307 o7, 399 . 400 . 215 395 . 408 . 408 153 . . . . . . . . . . . 147 . . . . . ..... . . . 66 ......... . . . . . . . 65 ......... . . . . . . . 62 . . . . . . . . . 56, 57 i salmon into the. . . 55 . . . . . . . . ..63, 64 . . . . . . . . . 355, ;56 .357 . . . 351, 352 ..... . ..... 198 ..... . . ..... 62, 63 ......... .............142, 369 .......... .................171 .......... .............170 ... . .. i66 .......... ............. 173 .... 3......... 172 . .... . 171, 173, 386 .. ....... . 173, 174 .. ......... . 388 .......... .............170 .., ., .... 174, 175 30 IDMEX. INDEX. 31 Ohio shale valueless as building atone . . ................... . 395 Ohio, southern limit of glaciers in. . ...... . . . . 204 Ohio, synclinal, height of the..... . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . 215 Ohio Valley, age of the upper terraces of the..... . . . ....... . . . 207 Ohio Valley, average rate of erosion in the..... . . . .. ..... . . . . 207 Ohio Valley, character of the.. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 199 to 201 Ohio Valley, earthquakes in the..... . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . 234 Ohio Valley, the, not occupied by glaciers.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Ohio Valley, the, once a level district..... . ...... . . . . . . . 189, 190 Ohio Valley plateaux, height of the.... . . . . . . .. ...... . . . . 352 Ohio Valley, the, the seat of active erosive forces......... . 193 Ohio Valley, rain-fall and rate of past erosion in the ... ..... . . . . . 134, 135 Ohio Valley, stratified conglomerate deposit in the . ........ . 205, 206 Ohio Valley water system, control of, by the Federal Government . . ...... . 68 Oil area of Clinton county.............. . . . .. . . .. 109 Oil, coal, deposit in shale beds....... . . .1.0..... . . . . . . . 107, 1o8 Oil, coal, great supply of, in Western Kentucky . ......... . 107, 108 Oil, coal, obtained from the distillation of shale .... . .1.0... . . . . . 107, 388 Oil, coal, in the Ohio shale...... .. . . . .. .. ........ . . . 107 Oil, lubricating, east of the Cumberland..... . . . . . ...... . . . . 341 Oil-bearing deposits, profitable, narrow limits of the . ........ . 386, 387 Oil, deposition of, conditions attending the..... ...... . . . . . . 386, 387 Oil, supply of Clinton and Wayne counties..... . . .. ...1.0.9.. . . . log Oil supply of Cumberland county . . .1.0.7.............. . . . . 107 Oneida conglomerate the equivalent of the Cumberland sandstone . . . . .i6o Oriskany sandstone earlier than the Ohio shale.... ..... . . . . . . 173, 174 Oriskany sandstone represented in Eastern Tennessee . .... ...... . . . 174 Orthis lynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Orthis testudinaria.......... . .. 150, 156 Orthoceratites......... ........ ....... . .... .. 150 Osmose action, influence of, in the formation of ore beds .. 167 Otter Creek oil well, daily yield of the . . . o8 Ovibos (Bobtherium) cavifrons . . ...................... . 197 Owen, D. D., appointed State Geologist ...... . . . . ........ . . 33 Owen county, survey of the lead region of.... . . . . . ...... . . . . 49 Owen, Dr., biography of, by Dr. Peter........... . ..... ... . 40 Owen, D. D , character of the preliminary work of. ..... . . .. . 8 Owen's, D. D, classification of West Kentucky coal beds, discredited by Dr. Cox. . 301 Owen, D. D., death of .... ............. . 33, 43 Owen, Dr, first annual report of... 34 Owen, Dr, fourth annual report of. . . . 38, 39 Owen, Dr., paleontological report by. .. 37 Owen, Dr., second annual report of ...... . .... . . . . . . . . - 35 Owen, Dr., summary of the annual reports of. . ... . 34 to 37 Owen, Dr., third annual report of.. . . . 36 Owen, Dr., topographical work done by. . .. . 12 Owen, D. D tribute to .............. . . . 419 Packard, A. S., study of the Edmonson county caves by ... . ..... . . . . 53 Paducah and Cumberland Gap, necessity of railway connection of ... . . . 340 to 343 Page, WV. B., preparation of a wall map for the Centennial Exhibition by .... . 290 Page, W. B.. resumes work on the western coal field May, 1876 ....... . . . 21,0 Page, WV. B., topographical survey of Henry and Owen counties by . . ..... 49 445 32 INDEX. Page, W. B., transferred to the Coast Survey.... . . . . . . . . .i. . . . Paint, material for, afforded by mals . .47 Palissy, B., suggestion of, for restraining torrents . .249 Peach Orchard coal, market value of . .328 Pebbles, water-worn 202 Pecteus .158 Pennington's Gap, dislocation of strata at . .227 Pennsylvania and Cumberland Gap iron districts compared . .96 Pennsylvania, eastern, cost of cheapest iron in . .96 Permian d.eposits, loss of, in Kentucky, by erosion..... . . . . . . . . . 135, 131 Peter, R., appointed chemical assistant ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 45 Peter, RI.. added to the Survey .. ............. ......... 44 Peter, R., biographical sketch of Dr. Owen by ... . .. .. 4;. Peter, R , chemical reports of, for the First Survey ... . . . . . . . 34, 35, 36, 3'1 Peter, R., discovery of a phosphate bed near Lexington by . ....... . 390 Peter, B, exp-riments of, with hemp plant .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45, 46 Peter, R., fi6r.t chemical report of...... . . . ...... . . . .. . . . 34 Peter, R., laboratory work in 1876, by.... . . . . ...... . . . . . . . 30- Peter, R., report of analyses by....... . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 35 Peter, R., work of, in 1877..... . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 375 Petroleum not the result of high temperature.... . . . . . . . . . . . . 172, 173 Petroleum, origin of........ ........... .. ..... 171 to 173 Phillips well on Oil Fork................. .......... . Icq Phosphate bed, discovery of a, near Lexington ..... . .......... . 392 Photographic illustrations of the scenery of Kentucky..... . . . . . . . 287, 288 Photographs of the State, estimated cost of a series of . ............ . 288 Pine Knot, coal stains at.......... . ............. 103 Pine Knot, thickness of the rock section at...... . ........... . 103 Pine Mountain ......... .. .. . . , 81 Pine Mountain, barrier to a railway southward .... . ..... . . . . .. 337 Pine Mountain, coals west of....... . . .... . 102 Pine Mountain, occurrence of limestone at ..... . . . . . . . .. 8 82 Pine Mountain, retreat of the escarpments of..... . . ...... . . . . . 224 Pipe iron ore .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i65 Pisciculture, estimated cost of experiments in..... . . ...... . . . . . 125 Plateaux of the Ohio Valley ...................... ... . 352 Platystrophia lynx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Platystrophia (Orthis) lynx. .................... 156, 158 Plectambonites sericea................. .. . ..... 150, 154, 156 Pond River, proposed extension of navigation on .... . ...... . . . . . 323 Poor Fork of Cumberland river, coal of..................... . 82 Poor Fork Valley, topography, &c., of the ..... . . ...... . . . . . . 82 Poplar and Short Mountains..105 Poplar, white, rapidity of the growth of the . ..... . . .... 273 Powell's Valley ............. . . .... 294 Preston ore banks .... 93 Prestonshurg coal .... 77 Prestons-urg coal beds . . . . 77 Procter, J. R., in charge of the State collections at the Centennial Exhibition . . . 298 Procter, J. R., work of, in 1877. . . . 375 Provence, Alps of, sterile character of the. . . . 256 Provence, physical decay of the uplands of.... . . . ... . . 250 446 INDEX. 33 Public works, advantages of the use of convict labor on ...... . 330, 334 to 336 Publications of the Geological Survey in 1876 ............. . . . 308, 309 Pumpelly. R., iron ores from decayed seaweed........... . . . . 64 Putnam, F. W., ichthyological work of ........ . ........... 54 Putnam, F. W., investigations of, on the fishes of Green and Nolin Rivers ..... 54 Quartz pebbles, abundance of, in Kentucky .. . . . . 208 Railroad from Paducah to Barbourville, desirability of a. . . - . . 340 to 343 Railroad, proposed, from Paducah to Barbourville, agricultural resources of the . . 342 Railroads, construction of three eastward lines of, urged. . ..... 340 Railroads, estimated cost of three trunk lines of. . . .. . 339, 340 Railroads, progress of work in 1876 along the.. . . . .. .34 Railsays, mineral resources of the, reports-on the ............ . . . 21, 22 Rain-rail in Kentucky................ ............. . 57 Red River and Cumberland Gap, proposed railroad between .... . . . . . . 337, 338 Red River furnaces and the Clinton iron beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337, 378 Red River iron district, system of transportation to, needed.... . . . . . . . 299 Reefs, Louisville and N'elso, difference in the character of life of the ... . . . . 409 Reelfoot Lake, depressio. in the level of, by earthquakes .......... . . . 73 Reelfo-t Lake, recoverable land in the vicinity of. ..... . . . . . . . 42, 43, 73 Reelfoot l.ake, recoverable land near, suited for market gardens. ... .. .. . 73 Reelfoot Lake region, picturesque features of ........ . .. ...... 43, 44 Reports, special, preparation of . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Reports of the Survey, cost of printing the.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23 Reports of the Survey, plan for the distribution of the ... . . . . . . . 22, 23, 383 Reservoirs, facilities for irrigation afforded by....... . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Reservoirs for retaining flood waters, proposed construction of ... . . 66 to 68, 124 Reservoirs for retaining flood waters, probable area and cost of..... . . . . . 67 Rentzsch on the political decadence of Spain . ......... ...... . . 264 Richmond axis . ........... .. . 220 Rivers-see also Kentucky, rivers of. Rivers, improvements in the navigability of our .322 Rivers of Kentucky, direction of the flow of the .. . . .......... 355, 356 Rivers, subterranean, probable area of, in Kentucky .. . . ... ....... 359 River valleys, phenomena of the, of Kentucky .1... . . . . . . . .. . . . . j98 River valleys, shape given to, by ice action.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Rockcastle springs..... . . ..... ...... .. . .. . . . . 99 Rocks, contraction of, causes effecting the ................. . 412, 413 Rocks, decay of, by atmospheric action............... . . . : 186 Rocks, expansion of, causes effecting the...... . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 411 Rocks, Kentucky series of; conditions of formation ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Rocks, number of feet of, not exposed in the State ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Rocks, section of, ideal................. .. . 148 Rocks, sedimentary, rate of accumulation of. ...... . . . . . . . . . . 157 Rocks, slipping of deep-seated, the possible cause of some earthquakes ... . . . 237 Rock, upheaval of, in Lincoln county ................... . 412, 413 Rocky Face near Cumberland Gap . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Russia, destruction of woodlands in.... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 277, 278 St. Louis Group of the Sub-carboniferous limestone.... . . . . . . . . . . . 182 St. Louis limestone, economic value of the. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 St. Louis limestone, occurrence of, near Louisville . ....... ...... . 397 Saline springs, origin of.................. 141, t6i, 162, 195 Salt beits, formation of... . ............. . 162 447 34 INDEX. Salt deposition during the calciferous sand rock period ....... Salt Licks, thorough search of the, recommended ......... Salt spring beds, animal remains preserved in the ......... Salt spring beds, order of succession of animals in the . . .. .. Salt spring bogs.. ..... .... ..... .... . . Salt spring deposits, relative age of the. ............. Salt springs, bones of living and extinct animals at the....... Salt springs, origin of the...... . . . . . . ....... Salt springs, removal of solid matter by ............. Sanhorn, F. G, appointed zoological assistant ......... . . Sanhobn, F G., study of the caves of Edinonson district by .... Sand deposits, rapidity of formation of . . .......... Sandstones after the Cincinnati period from Unaka Island ..... Sandstones, causes of the organic barrensess (of. . ...... Schenk, C., completion of a map of the Greenup district by .... Schenk, C., in charge of line survey in 1876........... Schenk, C., map work by, in .877 ...... . . . . . .... Schenk, C., topographical work assigned to . Schenk, C, topographical work of, in 1876 .... . . ..... Schenk, C., work of. 1hlg the Elizabethtown and Paducab Railroad. Scientific researche-s, practical value of ............ Sciota River, drainage opposite the mouth of the ......... Scotland, evils of the game forests of............... . . x6i, 162, 195 ....... 197 .1.......... X94 .....n.... 196. 197 ....... 195 ... .n.... . 198 ...... . 196 1, i6s, 162, 195 .1. ... . i95, 196 . .....49 . . . . . 52,51 .. ..... . 176 .. ..... . 192 . . . - 157 ....... . ... 48 .. ..... . 294 .. ..... . 367 . . 47, 48 . . . . .291, 292 .... . . 47, 48 . .... . 24, 25 .. ..... . 360 .. ..... . 267 Scyphia digitata. . .......................... 151 Sea. disintegrating power of the............. ... .... . . 176, 177 Seas, pal.-zoic, coral reefs of the .................... . . . 408 Seas, paheozoic, position of the shore line of the . . . 409 Sea water, ancient, inclusion of, in stratified rocks. .. i6 Sea.-weed as the source of the petroleum supply . . . . ....... . . . . 171, 272 Section, topographical, of Dr. Ow-en's Survey, inaccuracies of the4 .18 Seeds, distribution of, to agriculturists of Kentucky . . .289 Seismic vertical, movement of the, eastward in 1813 . .237 Sequatchie Valley, mountain ridge in the . .229 Sewage waste ......... ... .. ... .. ............ . 56, 57 Shale beds, deposition of iron in.. ..a..... . . . . . . . . . . . . i66, 167 Shale, Huron, Ohio shale sometimes called the..... . . 169 Shale, Ohio, origin and character of the...... . . . 169, 170 Shaler, N: S., examination by, of the previous work in Greenup county ..... . 44 Shaler, N. S., annual report of. for T877 . ... ............ .. 367 to 405 Shaler, N. S., introductory letter of .. ................ . ... 3 to 6 Shaler, N. S., reconnaissance by, along the Ohio river. . . . 62 Shaler, N. S., reconnoissance by, to Jacksboro, Tennessee. . . . 99 Shaler, N. S., report by, relative to improvements on the Big Sandy rivet . . . . 78, 79 Shaler, N. S., work done by, in 1874. . .. 6t Shaler, N. S., work done by, in 1877. . . . 376 Shore line, Carboniferous, indicated by the Chester Group. . . . 182 Short and Poplar Mountains . . . . 103 'Silicious Group ".. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 "Silicious Mudstoue ". . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ...... 154, 156 Silurianore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i65 Simpsac county, economic limestone in. ..... 397 Sink-holes, deposits of clay in .405, 406 I INDEL Slate creek, iron ores in ....................... Smith, Dr. J. L., assistance rendered by ............... Snow, melting of, in spring ..................... Soils, absorption of water by.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soils, causes of the fertility of .................... Soils, causes which determine the value of .............. Soils, character of, dependent on the underlying roc ......... Soils, impoverished, restoration -of............... Soils of immediate derivation .................... Soil, impoverished, restoring .................... Soils, museum of . . ..................... Soils, origin and composition of ................... Soils of remote derivation ...................... Soils of the Silurian limestone........ . .. . .. . .... Soils, river... ......................... Soils, under-drainage of ....................... . Soil. water-storage power of the, restoration of the . Soils, wide differences in neighboring. Solenhofen, lithographic shale of. 35 93 . 376 ...... .. 242 . .242 . ... . 389 . ... . 210 . ... . 389 46 . . . 209 46 ...... .... 26 . ... . 209 . ... . 209 . ... . 211 .. . 209, 210 . ... . 211 .........402 ..... ....389 ...... . . 85 Spain, cause of the political decadence of, according to Rentzsch .... . . . . . 264 Speedville Furnace ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Spirophylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Sponges, fossil, at Frankfort .1........................ . x51 Stalactite iron ore...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s65 Stanford, rupture of rock in the vicinity of.. . 412, 413 Statistics, climatal and vital, collection of, urged..... . 127 Statistics, bureau of, suggested ....... . . ............... 127 Stevenson, Governor, and the Survey.. ............. 12 Stones, building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17, 26, 27 Stones, building, abundant supply of, in Kentucky ............. . . . 122 Stones, building, classification of............... 392 Stones, building, search for, not complete............... 399 Stones, economic, of Logan and neighboring counties .... . . . . . . . . . 83, 84 Stones, mottled, for decoration, from Logan, Warren, and other countie's ... . . 85 Strophomena alternate ................ .. ..... 47, 140, 150, 158 Sub-carboniferous limestone, beds succeeding the. . . . . . 183 Sub-carboniferous limestone of the eastern coal field . Sub-conglomerate, coal beds of the, in Eastern Kentucky. Sub-conglomerate, thickness of the, in Eastern Kentucky. Sub-carboniferous limestone, conditions of formation of the Sub-carboniferous limestone, wide distribution of the . Sub-carboniferous period, rapid accumulation of lime during the "1 Sub-conglomerate " member of the Millstone grit. Summary of the work of the Survey in x874-'5 . Surell on the torrents of the Upper Alps. . . ... Survey, economical administration of the ........... Survey of 1875, disposition of parties for the ......... Survey of 1875, plan of operations for the .......... Survey, office work in 1874-'5 of the assistants of the ..... Survey, plan for the continuation of the. ........... Survey, topographical, objects of the, in 1876 ......... Surveys, compass, source of errors attending ......... VOL. IXI.-29 .. ....... . 423 .. ....... . 424 .. ....... . 424 .. ....... . 178 .178, 179 .. ....... . 179 .. ....... . 423 .. ....... . 113 .251, 252 .113, 114 87 87 86 115 to 128 . ....... . 297 . ........... 373 449 36 INDEL Swamp lands, necessity for a survey of..... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 72 Swamp land, proportion of, in the State .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363, 364 Swampy character of the head-water tributaries of the Cumberlad . . . . . . . 238 Sylviculture in England.. . . . . . . ......... ........... 266 Synclinal, Cumberland, complications of the. 226 Table-lands of Kentucky, height of the . . . .................. 353 Table-land, river valleys of the, breadth of the................ . 354 Table-land and stream-beds in Central and Eastern Kentucky . 353 Talbutt, J. H., added to the Survey..... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 45 Talbutt, J. H., appointed assistant in chemistry .45 Talbutt, J. H., investigations on the Leitchfield marls .46 Talbutt, J H., retirement of. 375 Talbutt, J. H., sent to Philadelphia in 1876. 286 Tennessee River, cause of the northward flow of the .............. . 140 Tennessee River, causes determining the flow of the.... . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Tennessee River, desirability of improved navigation on the.... . . . . . . . 323 Tennessee, East, rocks of, compared with those of Kentucky .1... . . . . . 48, 149 Tennessee, East, section thicker than the Cincinnati section .... . . . . . . . 149 Tennessee, necessity of its aid in the survey of Reelfoot Lake .... . . . . . . 73 Tennessee, structure of the Appalachians in.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221, 222 Tennessee table-land, effect of the, on the Cumberland anticlinal .... . . . . . 226 Terraces, Ohio River, remains in the ..................... . 207 Terraces, river, formation and structure of.... . . . .. . . . . . . . 200 to 203 Terraces, river, occurrence of clays in..... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 405 Tertiary deposits along the Mississippi River.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Timber, building and decorative.......... .............. . 27 Timber west of the Cumberland Mountain ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Timber-planting, necessity for........ . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . 401 Timber growth of the different geological formations of the Eastern coal field . . .425 Topographical work in 1876 .............. . ... 296 Topographical work, some difficulties of..... . . . . . . ....... . . . 292 Tobacco, impoverishment of the soil by ..... . . . . . . ....... . . . 46 Torrents, destructive action of....... . ........ .. . . . . . 247, 248 Torrents, mountain, barriers of rocks to restrain ................ . 249 Torrents, violence of the Alpine .................... . 254 to 256 Tradewater River, construction of dams upon the, recommended .. ...... . 324 Transportation, geological work in relation to means of. Transportation, necessity of east and west lines of . Transportation routes should be controlled by the State Transportation, water and land, compared . Transportation, water, and the resources of the State . . . Trees peculiar to the Mississippi Valley. Trees, rapidity of growth of, in Italy.. ........ Trees, roots of, influence upon drainage of ........ Triangulation on the southeast boundary line in 1876 . . . Trinucleus. Trinucleus concentricus ................. Trout breeding, springs suitable for, list of, recommended . Tug Fork of Sandy, coals on .............. Tygert's creek, estimated cost of locking and damming. . . Unaka axis, movements west of the ........... Unaka Island of the ancient sea, the ........... 450 . . . . . . . . . . . 319 .. ......... . 118 . . I... . . .. 346 . . . 329, 330 . 320, 321, 323 . . . . . . . 137 ... . . .... 273 .. ......... . 245 ......... ............294 .........5.............I50 ......... ............ 154 .. . . . . . 55 77 . . . . . . - . . . 327 . .2.2..... . 222 223 .. ....... . 188, 189 INDEX. Unaka Island raised above the sea after the Cincinnati period .. Underwood, E., topographical work of, in Cumberland district Underground drainage. . . ......... . ...... . . Unionidae in the Mississippi Valley .............. United States, advantages of forest preservation in the ....... United States, difficulty of protecting the forests in the ...... United States, Eastern, forest destruction and the soils of the . United States, legislation relative to forest property in the ..... United States, necessity of preserving the forests of the ...... University, State, collections for the..... . . . ... University, State, connection of the Survey with the ........ Vallis, Belgrand and, theory of, concerning inundations ...... Vanceburg, former distillation of shale at............. Veins, mineral, formation of. .. . . .......... Virginia and Kentucky, boundary line between .......... Vital statistics, careful collection of, urged ............ Volcanoes, limitation of, to the sea shores s........... Volcanoes limited to the sea shores ... ............ Warsaw limestone. . ................... Water, drainage, unsuitable for domestic purposes ......... Water navigation, use and cost of convict labor in extending . Water-shed, Kentucky and Tennessee. . .... .. .... Water-storage, study of the problems of ............. Waverly beds, Dr. Ner berry's conclusions concerning ...... Waverly period, fire-clays of the . ..... . . ......... Waverly sandstone, economic importance of the .......... 37 ...... ......192 ....... ......... 300 ..... ... 358 . .... . . 137 .. ..... . 280 .. ..... . 278 . . . . 281, 282 .. ..... . 278 .. ..... . 279 , . . - 15 .. .... . 23, 24 .244, 245 ,.. . . .. 108 .... ... . 411 .... 293 ... 127 . ..... . 212 . ..... . 212 . . . . . . . 397 ....... ...... 6o . ..... . 330 .... ... . 293 ...4. .0.. 403 . ..... . 175 .. ..... . 177 . . . . . . . 395 Waverly series ...................... .142, 143, 145, 175, 177 Waverly series formed during an uplift ............ Waverly series, geological position of the ........... Waverly series, lithological character of the. ........ Waverly series, the arenaceous character of, indicates rapid depo! Wayne county, character of the timber in the eastern part of . . Wayne county, oil area of .................. Wayne county, restoration of lands in .... ....... Wells, oil, changes in the character of, suggested ....... Wells, oil, dug instead of bored.... . . . . ....... Wells, oil, faults in The construction of ............ West Point, esposure of limestones at ............ Western coal field, complication of structure of the ...... Western coal field, time required to map out the........ Western coal field, work done on the, in 1876 ......... Willow plantations for arresting the wear of river banks . . . Wolves, former abundance of, in France ........... Woodland, proportions of, in European countries ....... Woodland, proportion of, in Norway and Sweden ....... Woodlands in France, extent of, in 1750 ... . . . ..... Woodlands under the control of State governments ...... Woods, museum of .............. ....... . Yellow Creek Valley, peculiarities of the ........... Young, A., on the fertility of the Upper Alps in 1789 ..... Zoological survey recommended ............... . . . . . . . . 177 ..... . . . ... 175 ....... . . 175 ition .1..... . 176 . . . . . . . .. I02 ...9. ....... . log . ....... . xo6 ........ . 388 . ....... . 388 ........ . 388 . . . . . . . . . 397 .........291 .........291 . . . . . . .290, 291 . ...... . 63, 64 .. ....... . 268 .. ..... . 262, 263 .. ....... . 263 .. ....... . 268 .. ....... . 279 ...... . . . . ... 26 .. ....... . 239 .. ....... . 253 ....... . . . . ... x 9 451 S

© 1999-2009 Kentucky Virtual Library

• xhtml 1.0 Strict