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Chemical report of the soils, coals, ores, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, &c., of Kentucky / by Robert Peter.

Chemical report of the soils, coals, ores, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, &c., of Kentucky / by Robert Peter. Peter, Robert, 1805-1894. 400dpi TIFF G4 page images University of Kentucky, Electronic Information Access & Management Center Lexington, Kentucky 2002 b97-22-37599522 Electronic reproduction. 2002. (Beyond the shelf, serving historic Kentuckiana through virtual access (IMLS LG-03-02-0012-02) ; These pages may be freely searched and displayed. Permission must be received for subsequent distribution in print or electronically. Chemical report of the soils, coals, ores, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, &c., of Kentucky / by Robert Peter. Peter, Robert, 1805-1894. Yeoman Press, Frankfort : 1885. p. 1-93 : charts ; 26 cm. Coleman Issued as a reprint with the fourth and fifth Chemical reports and Comparative views of the composition of the soils, limestones, clays, marls, &c.,&c., of the several geological formations of Kentucky, and index, as Chemical analyses A, vol. II. "The fourth report in the new series, and the eight since the beginning of the Geological Survey." Index follows last report in collection. Reports have individual and collective pagination, the latter of which is used in this record. Microfilm. Atlanta, Ga.: SOLINET, 1997. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (SOLINET/ASERL Cooperative Microfilming Project (NEH PS-21089) ; SOL MN06859.05 KUK) s1997 gaun a Printing Master B97-22. IMLS This electronic text file was created by Optical Character Recognition (OCR). No corrections have been made to the OCR-ed text and no editing has been done to the content of the original document. Encoding has been done through an automated process using the recommendations for Level 1 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file. Geology, Economic Analysis. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. JOEHN P. PROCTER, Director. CHEMICAL ANALYSES. A VOC. II FOURTH, FIFTH, AND SIXTH CHEMICAL REPORTS, AND COM- PARATIVE VIEWS OF THE COMPOSITION OF SOILS, COALS, ORES, LIMESTONES, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ETC., ETC. BY ROBERT PETER. M1. D., ETC.. ETC., CHEMIST TO THE SURVEY, AND A. M. PETER, ASSISTANT. ELECTROTYPED FOR THE SURVEY BY JOHN D. WOODS, PUBLIC PRINTER AND BINDER. FRANKFORT. Ky. 1885. This page in the original text is blank. CONTENTS. FOURTH CHEMICAL REPORT ..................... 5 COMPOSITIONS OF SOILS, LIMESTONES, ETC .4... . . . . . . . . 14 FIFTH CHEMICAL REPORT ...................... 157 SIXTH CHEMICAL REPORT.2........... ... .... ...26:3 APPENDIX .:......... ... .... .. .... .........311 SUPPLEMENT TO APPENDIX ......... .. .. ... .. . . 317 This page in the original text is blank. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. JOHN R. PROCTER, DIRECTOR. CHEMICAL REPORT OF IHE SOILS, COALS, ORES, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ROCKS, &C., 'OF KENTUCKY, BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., ETC., ETC., CHEMIST TO THE SURVEY. THE FOURTH REPORT IN THE NEW SERIES AND THE EIGHTH SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. PART XIII.VOL. V. SECOND SERIES. STEREOTYPED FOR THE SURVEY This page in the original text is blank. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. CHEMICAL LABORATORY OF KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, l LEXINGTON, Ky., June io, 1879. j Prof. JOHN R. PROCTER, Director of Kentucky Geological Survey: DEAR SIR: Herewith I respectfully submit to you the results of the chemical work performed in this Laboratory for the Geological Survey since the publication of my last report. Yours, &c., ROBERT PETER. This page in the original text is blank. CHEMICAL REPORT. Of the one hundred and fifty-two new analyses reported on the following pages, there are of_ Soils, subsoils, and under-clays...... ............ . go Clays and marly clays and shales ................. . 25 Limestones......................... 13 Waters........................ . 8 Iron ores.............. ' 6 Coals .................. 5 Silicious residues of soils. . ................. 5 The soils examined show, as usual, a great variety of com- position, as may be seen in the following table of their ex- tremes of variation: Pi. cl-nLl No. County. Percent. No. County. 1 ___ _ Oganic and volatile maete-s vary from g.9s i in 2123 from Fulton . to 1.84o in 2212 from M'Cr'k'n Alumina and iron ann mwneanese -wides vay from .................... . . 34.368 in 221 5 fromNelson . to 2.932 in 2112 from Clinton. 22X2 McCrackeii Lime carbonate varies from.. . . . . . 2. 46.. if' 22C6 from Madison. to .7o and and 1 to 2252) Wayn Magnesia varies from.9g89 in 22o6 from Madison to .052 in 2221 from Pulaski Phosphoric acid varies fromn.387 in 2206 from Madison to .029 in 2253 from Wayne. Potash extracted by acids varies from. . . 1.097 in 2154 from H'nd'rs'n to .021 in 2253 from Wayne. Soda extracted by acids varies from. .657 in 2215 from Nelson . to traces in sever al. Water expelled at 38o0 F. varies from . . . . 3tto in 2123 from Fulton . to .420 in 2353 from Hnda'n Sand and insoluble silicates vary from . . . 76.715 in 2206 from Madison. to 94.590 in 2253 from Wayne. Water expelled at 2120 F. varies from . . . . 4.104 in 2123 from Fulton. to 444 in 2253 from Wayne. Potash in the insoluble silicates vaies from. 2.742 in 2215 from Nelson . to .327 in 2112 from Clinton. Soda in the insoluble silicates varies from . 2. 2081 in 2og, from Ballard . to .1o in 2110 from Clinton. Gravel varies from.. . . . . . . . . . . None in most of these soils . to 34. 70 in 2220 from Pulaski. Columns (a) and (6) give the chemical composition of very rich and very poor soils; but being made up of extremes from the various soils, they do not represent the composition of any one of them. As may be seen by reference, these extremes are not quite so great as those reported in Volume IV and in the first part of this volume of these Reports. Summing up all the soil analyses which have been made and reported, by the writer, for the Geological Survey of Kentucky, since its commencement in 1854, under the late David Dale Owen, M. D., to the present time, he finds them to number seven hundred and seventy-two; including soils, CHEMICAL REPORT. subsoils, and under-clays from eighty-seven counties of the State. Of these, there were only one sample each from ten counties, two samples each from six counties, and three each from fifteen counties. From twenty-nine counties no samples of soils have as yet been collected. Of those reported in the following pages, nearly one half were collected in the year 1859, from the eastern coal field of our State, by Joseph Lesley, jr., then Geological Assistant in the Survey under Dr. Owen. These specimens of soils, having been carefully preserved in a dry place since the time of their collection, have remained un- changed, and their analyses are interesting, as proving that even in this sparsely settled mountainous region of Kentucky the soil is generally susceptible of profitable cultivation. It is to be specially noted that, as the greater part of the soils of our State have been, produced, in the localities in which they are found, by the disiateggration of the superficial rock strata, and are not, like most of the soils of the'great territory north and west of us, made up of mixed. detituls which has been brought from other iegions by the moving force of ice and water, the local character oi our various soils is more dependent on that of their rock substrata than in the great territory in question. Hence we generally find our soils to be much richer lying on soft limestone or shaly rock strata than on the hard sandstones or conglomerates of the coal-measure formation Moreover, we find in some of the coal-measure soils a considerable proportion of angular gravel or fragments of soft ferruginous sandstone or sandy-ferruginous concre- tions; and in some the rounded quartzose pebbles of the mill- stone grit; while on the extended low plains, called in some parts of the State the " Barrens," because in former recent times they were destitute of trees, the smaller proportion or absence of gravel indicate formation of the soil under compar- atively quiet water, by the wash of the finer earthy materials from the adjoining higher lands. So far as our investigation has been carried, the soils of Kentucky, with the exception of some of those which lie on 6 (CHEMICAL REPORT. 7 the mountain slopes and valleys, especially in the coal-fields, are composed of materials in a state of very fine division; so fine, indeed, that the so called "d sand and insoluble silicates," left after the digestion of the soils in chlorohydric acid (spe- cific gravity=i.i), wvill pass almost entirely through the fine sieve employed, which has i,6oo meshes to the centimeter square. Nowhere in the State have we found soils containing coarse sand, like some of those in the north or northwest of our continent. Hence, in the examination of our soils, "silt analysis," or the separation of the finer from their coarser materials, so useful when applied to some soils, has not been deemed of great importance, and has been seldom resorted to in the processes used. This high state of comminution of our soils, by increasing the porosity and extent of surface of their materials, also increases their power of absorbing and retaining the fluid, dissolved solid, or the aeriform materials of plant-food, and greatly improves their fertility. Soils of this character could only be formed under quiet waters, or under water at a dis- tance from its shores, or by the disintegration in place of rock strata which had been deposited under these conditions. In the process of the analysis of these soils, they were digested for seven to ten days, on the sand bath, at a temper- ature below boiling, in five times their weight of chlorohydric acid, of specific gravity=I.i, a little nitric acid having been added to decompose the organic matters. In all of the soils reported in this, as well as in the two preceding Chemical Reports, the quantities of potash and soda which remained in the silicious residue, after digestion in these acids, was determined by a separate process, viz: that of ignition with a mixture of calcium carbonate and ammonium chloride, &c., according to the method of J. Lawrence Smith. These quantities, as may be observed by reference to the several analyses, are generally quite considerable. On comparing the proportions of these two alkalies, sev- erally, in the "sand and insoluble silicates" of the soils above mentioned, in number amounting to more than two hundred VOL. V.-26 CHEMICAL REPORT. and fifty, we find their extremes to be as follows, calculated into the weight of the original soil: The percentage of potash in the silicious residues varies from 2.910 per cent. in No. 2037, from Harlan county, to 0.327 per cent. in No. 2112, from Clinton county. The percentage of soda varies from 1.2o8 per cent. in No. 2099, from Ballard county, to o.oi8 per cent. in No. i678, from Bell county. The general composition of several of these silicious resi- dues, as ascertained by complete analyses, by fusion with the alkaline carbonates, &c., is reported under the heads of Fulton and Nelson counties, to which the reader is referred for proof of the statement frequently made by the writer, that in this silicious skeleton of our soils a considerable proportion of silicates are found, which, while they may resist for a time the action of even moderately strong mineral acids, may yet, by a slow process of natural "weathering," measurably renovate the fertility of the soil from their reserved store of essential mineral elements of plant food. In what form do these silicates exist in our soils, is a ques- tion of some interest. It has been known for some little time that silicates of the Zeolite group are found in soils, and that they perform a very important office in that selective, absorp- tive power which the soil possesses, by which it can withdraw from watery solutions, and hold for the benefit of growing vegetables, many essential elements of plant nourishment which else would be washed away in the drainage. Such silicates, no doubt, exist in our Kentucky soils; but they are known to be readily soluble in, or decomposable by, acids. It would seem probable, therefore, that the silicates, or the partly-weathered remains of silicates, in the silicious residue of our Kentucky soils, which had, to a certain extent, resisted the prolonged digestion in acids, were more of the nature of the minerals constituting the Feldspar group than the Zeolites. As has been frequently stated in the reports, this silicious residue of our soils frequently left upon the fine sieve more or less of small particles, sometimes rounded, but often some- 8 CHEMICAL REPORT. what angular in form, which were generally soft enough to be crushed by the fingers into a powder fine enough to pass through the fine sieve. Until recently, the writer believed that these small particles represented, in their form at least, those silicates in the soil which had undergone a partial de- composition in the acid digestion, and which still retained, in their soft silicious skeletons, some of those alkalies which were found in the silicious residues. But observing that the proportion of these residual soft particles did not bear any constant relation to that of the alkalies in the silicious residue, he was induced to examine, by washing with water, some of these soils, which left, after digestion in acids, the largest quantity of these so-called "-partly decomposed silicates," and he was somewhat sur- prised to find that, in these soils at least, these soft particles were derived from little concretions in the soil, of the nature of so called "shot iron ore," which probably had their origin in the infiltration of dissolved oxides of iron and manganese, or of calcium carbonate, or may have been originally o6litic aggregations in the rocks from whence the soils had been derived. Be this as it may, however, the important fact re- mains, that in the fine sandy or silicious residue of our soils, after prolonged digestion in acids, there exist potash, soda, lime, magnesia, and even a little phosphoric acid, which mate- rials, although held in pretty firm combination as silicates in the insoluble residue, may prolong the productiveness of the soils under the slow decomposing action of the atmospheric agencies. Another fact is, that these silicates are in a state of as minute division in our soils as the fine silicious sand itself. Of the eighteen new analyses of Clays herewith reported, fourteen are of clays from the tertiary formation, and one from the quaternary of the southwestern extremity of Kentucky, called the " Jackson Purchase." Three are from the Lower Silurian formation in Madison county. The tertiary deposits of the first-mentioned region show con- siderable variety in their composition and properties. Some 9 CHEMICAL REPORT. are highly silicious or sandy; some are quite calcareous; and others, containing more alumina, exhibit different varieties of clay, some being of the nature of good fire-clay. Those which contain a considerable proportion of silicious matter, some of which may be in the form of fine sand, and which contain but small quantities of iron oxide, lime, potash, or soda, deserve a trial as glass-pot clay, provided they are sufficiently plastic, or burn sufficiently hard. Others may be available as fire-clay for many other purposes, and several would answer well for the manufacture of different sorts of pottery-ware, terra-cotta, drain-tiles, bricks, &c., according to their nature. Some of these beds, their material being in a finely-divided state and friable, might be made useful in the manufacture of artificial hydraulic cement, of the character of Portland cement, whenever such an industry may be profitable in this region. Some of these deposits are so highly quartzose that they could be employed in the manufacture of glass. The - loess" from the quaternary may be locally useful as a top-dressing on heavy clay soils, &c. The clays reported from Madison county are too readily fusible to be used as fire-clays, yet are good plastic clays for the manufacture of hard stoneware or some forms of terra- cotta, &c. The marly clays and shales from the Silurian lime- stone strata are remarkable for their large proportions of potash; the one from the Lower Silurian in Fayette county giving nearly eight per cent. of that alkali. They also have considerable quantities of lime, iron oxide, &c., and no doubt all contain phosphoric acid, so that their use as fertilizing top- dressing on exhausted light soils might be locally beneficial. They are too fusible for some kinds of pottery, yet might be made into drain-tiles and similar products, or, in some cases, into stone-ware. The thirteen limestones reported in the following pages are mostly from Madison county; one only from Franklin county; and are interesting mainly because the composition of several of them indicates their probable availability for the manufac- ture of hydraulic cement. It is true that imperfect trials made IO CHEMICAL REPORT. I. of some of these, in the laboratory, with insufficient appli- ances, did not give decidedly favorable results in this relation; yet, probably, by a more perfect mode of calcination, adapted to their nature, the hydraulic properties might be developed. For the purpose of comparison, the writer has appended to the table of the composition of these limestones, at the end of this Report, that of two undoubtedly good hydraulic linie- stones, copied from previous volumes of Reports of Kentucky Geological Survey. It seems, however, that although we may learn much from the ultimate chemical composition of limestones, as to their availability for hydraulic cements, there are some necessary conditions to the production of these useful compounds not yet fully understood or appreciated, as is proved by the cir- cumstance that while two different limestones may show, by analyses, nearly similar chemical compositions, they may yet give products, when calcined, which differ greatly in their value as hydraulic cements. These conditions may possibly be physical, or what is more probable, the silica in the two limestones may be under differ- ent chemical relationships. Probably the impure limestone, which gives the best cement by calcination, has its silica already more or less naturally combined with lime or other bases, as silicates or hydrated silicates; while in the other, of similar ultimate composition, the silica may be more in a sep- arated, insoluble state, or in firmer combination with other elements. This supposition is rendered probable by the fact that there are natural hydrated silicates which possess, to an eminent degree, the property of forming good hydraulic cements by simple mixture with pure quicklime and water. The best known of these, the volcanic tufa found near Naples, called Pozzuolana, is found to contain a large proportion of soluble silica in the form of hydrated silicates; and it has been found by experience, that when the water of its silicates is driven off by calcination, it loses its valuable hydraulic prop- erties. Most of these Pozzuolanas contain a considerable pro- portion of alkalies, varying from more than one to about ten I I CHEMICAL REPORT. per cent., and in the artificial compounds of this kind made by calcining certain marly clays, at a heat sufficient to burn lime, it is probable that the well-known large proportion of alkalies generally found in these clays is essential in bringing the silica into a soluble condition. It is now pretty generally acknowledged by men of science that the property of hardening uender water depends on the presence or formation of silicate of lime in the cement. In this connection it may be well to observe, that in the analysis of the hydraulic limestone from Indiana, No. io68, referred to above, it was found that as much as three per cent. of silica, soluble in a boiling solution of carbonate of soda, was contained in this uncalcined limestone. This amount of silica undoubt- edly existed in the rock, in the form of silicate easily decompos- able by acids, having been separated by the acids in the soluble or gelatinous form. After the calcination of this limestone, the proportion of the soluble silica was increased to more than fourteen per cent. of the calcined rock. In some of the Ohio Falls hydraulic cement, which had been hardened under water about twenty-eight years before it was analyzed by the writer, he found more than six per cent. of the silica yet in a soluble condition. (See Vol. IV, 0. S. Ky. Geol. Reports, p. i90.) As the property of hardening under water seems to depend on the formation of a silicate of lime, probably also sometimes of silicates of magnesia or of iron, the essential conditions for hydraulic lime are not only the presence of a sufficient amount of silica to form the hard compound which resists the solvent action of water, but also that the silica should be in a form favorable to its combination with the lime or other bases, as well as. most probably, the presence of substances which, like the alkalies, may aid in bringing about this combination. The alkalies, potash, and soda seem to be the best agents in promoting this action, and it has been found by experience, in the manufacture of the celebrated artificial Portland cement, by calcining a mixture of chalk and clay. that the addition of a half to one per cent. of soda is greatly beneficial. Magnesia also seems to exert a favorable action; indeed, some mag- I 2 CHEMICAL REPORT. nesian limestones, which contain but a small proportion of silica, make good hydraulic cement, if calcined at a moderate red heat only; and most of our hydraulic limestones are mag- nesian. Pure calcined magnesia, one of the most insoluble of the earths, will set quite hard with a proper quantity of water. It is probable, as already hinted, that the oxide of iron may be useful in hydraulic cements, by increasing their hardness and durability, as may also alumina. In the manufacture of the artificial Portland cement, a mix- ture of impure carbonate of lime, chalk, and clay from various sources, is finely powdered and intimately blended, and then calcined at a heat sufficient to cause a commencement of vitri- fication; and the best proportions are found to be from twenty- one to twenty-three of clay to seventy-nine to seventy-seven of chalk. Clay from different localities varies in its proportion of silica as much as from less than fifty to nearly eighty per cent., causing variations in the properties and value of the cement. A very good cement, of the kind employed at Boulogne, France, is reported to have the following composition. Lime. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 65.oo Magnesia... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .trace. Alumina and iron oxide ............ . .. 8.70 Alkalies...... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .45 Silica..... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 24.45 W ater... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .80 99.40 It is generally said, that if the proportion of lime falls below 39.8 per cent.-equal to 70 per cent. of carbonate of lime in the uncalcined mixture -the obtained cement may harden quickly, but will not be durable. Another very good artificial cement of this kind, reported by scientific writers, is that made by M. St. Leger, near Paris, France, by calcining an intimate mixture of the chalk of Meu- don with 14.3 per cent. of the clay of Vannes. The compo- sition of this, after burning, is reported to be-lime, 75.60; silica, I5.86; alumina, 7.93, and iron peroxide, i.62 per cent. It is said to be wholly soluble in acids. I 3 CHEMICAL REPORT. These remarks and quotations may aid in estimating the probabilities of the utility of our impure limestones, &c. BALLARD COUNTY. SOILS AND SUBSOILS. NO. 2096-SOIL LABELED "T op soil fi-om the ' Barrens; 'four years in cultivation ia tobacco, three years in corn, and four in wheal/; the last and present year (1878) iv tobacco. Farm of W. H. Reeves, about six miles north of BMandville." Col- lected by john R. Procter. The dried soil is in friable lumps, of a dirty yellowish-brown color. The coarse sieve separated a few soft, ferruginous concretions and a small quartz pebble. No. 2097-" Subsoil of thefield above described. Sample taken twelve to eighteen inches below the surface." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried subsoil is in friable clods; its color is somewhat lighter than that of the preceding. The coarse sieve removed from it only a few small, rounded ferruginous concretions. No. 2098-"1 Subsoil of the ufplands around Blandville. Taken from eighteen to twenty-four inches below the surface. Char- acteristic of most of the upland subsoil in the Jackson Pur- chase. A silzicous loam above the Paducah gravel." Collected byJno. R. Procter. The dried subsoil is in pretty firm lumps, of a handsome brownish-buff or ochreous color, mottled with lighter and darker tints. All passed through the coarse sieve. No. 2099-" Subsoil or under-clay of the uplands around Bland- ville. Taken severalfeet below the surface. It crops out just below the gravel bed, and is several feet thick. It is observed nearly all over the 'Jackson Purchase' where there is much soil." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried subsoil is of a brownish-buff color, mottled with somewhat lighter colored, and showing some thin, dark-colored The coarse sieve used has about 64 meshes to the centimetre square. 14 CHEMICAL REPORT. infiltrations of iron and manganese oxides. All of it passed through the coarse sieve. No. 2100-" Virgin soil. Top soil of bottom land, near Shelton and Moore's Mill, on Mayfield creek. Said to produce good hay, but to be otherwise unproductive. Primitive growth, black, white, and red oak, sweet gum, elm, persimmon, and hickory." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried soil of an umber-grey color, in quite friable clods, apparently containing much fine sand. The coarse sieve re- moved from it only a few small, partly-rounded quartz par- ticles. No. 2 I1o -" Top soil from an old field long in cultivation. Bot- tom land, on Mayfield creek." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is slightly lighter colored than the preceding, and more yellowish. The coarse sieve removed only a few small silicious particles. No. 2102-" Subsoil of the next preceding. Bottom land on Mayfield creek." Collected by John R. Procter. Clods more firm than those of next preceding, and lighter colored, mottled with lighter colored and ochreous tints. The coarse sieve removed from it a small quantity of small silicious gravel. COMPOSITION OF THESE BALLARD COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2096 No- 2097 No. 2098 No. 2099 No. 2100 No. 2101 No. 2102 Organic and volatile matters . . 4.065 2.790 2.1185 1 565 3.210 2.565 2-125 Alumina a iron s manganese oxides. 5.904 7 597 8- 557 7.835 6. too 3.864 5.088 Lime carbonate...... .. .. 95 x295 .195 .645 .155 .385 .245 M agnesia.. ........ - 394 .308 .544 .E6o .268 .. 63 .184 Phosphoric acid (P205)... ... .246 .093 .093 .140 .115 .o6i .077 Potash, extracted by acids... .289 .449 .131 .175 .203 319 .276 Soda, extracted by acids..242 .148 .653 .309 .364 .362 .129 Water, expelled at 38cP F... .935 . 760 450. 435 .065 .635 .675 Sand and insoluble silicates. 87. -20 87 395 87.X1o 87. 495 88.890 92.010 91.570 Total...... ... .. .. 2oo.29299.83599.918 99.200 100.420100. 3641oo 369 H ygroscopic moisture. 2..30 .75 2.300 1. 865 1.075 1.125 Potash in the insoluble silicates. . . z.6g 1.482 1.055 2.138 1.659 1.358 1.401 Soda in the insoluble silicates..68o .674 .536 1.208 1.150 .6j6 _ 91I Character of the soil .. . . . . . . Surface Subsoil. Subsol. Subsoil or Virgin soil Old field Subsoil. soil. under.cly soil I 5 6 CHEMICAL REPORT. Some differences were observed in the silicious residue or sand and insoluble silicates of these several soils, when sifted with fine bolting-cloth, which had about 9oo meshes to the centimetre square. For example, while that of Nos. 2096, 2097, 2098 all passed through except very few small hyaline or reddish quartz particles, Nos. 2099 and 2100 left upon the bolting-cloth a considerable proportion of small particles of partly decomposed silicates or concretions; the silicious skel- etons, as it wvere, of these substances, from which most of their soluble ingredients had been removed by the acids in which they had been digested, were generally so soft as to be easily crushed under the finger; after which crushing, they readily passed through the bolting-cloth. The bolting-cloth also sep- arated from them a few small quartzose particles, hyaline, opake, and reddish. No. 2IOI left none of these soft remains of decomposed concretions on the bolting-cloth, but a few small quartzose particles; while No. 2102 gave a few of these soft, partly-decomposed particles, and rather more of the small quartzose granules than the next preceding soil. These Ballard county soils, if well drained, 110 doubt are good productive soils under good management. In all of them, however, except, perhaps, No. 2096, the proportion of organic and volatile matters is quite small, and this, as might be expected, is particularly to be noticed in the deep subsoil or under-clay, No. 2099; but this deficiency might be supplied by the culture of clover or other green crops. to be plowed under after or without grazing. They all contain enough of lime and magnesia, as well as of potash and soda; some of them, indeed, contain more than the average proportion of these essential alkalies, not only in a condition to be imme- diately available for plant nourishment, but also as a consid- erable reserve in the insoluble silicates. Nos. 2097, 210I, and 2I02, containing but a moderate proportion of phospho- ric acid, would no doubt be greatly increased in fertility by the use of phosphatic fertilizers, such as ground bone, super- phosphate, guano, &c. Nos. 2Ioi and 2102 contain more than the average proportion of fine sand and insoluble sili- I 6 CHEMICAL REPORT. cates, and but a small quantity of alumina, &c., &c., and consequently may be less durable naturally than some of the others; but the state of very fine division of their silicious constituents compensates, measurably, the paucity of the clay ingredients. The so-called "barrens" soil is one of the richest of them all. CLAYS OF BALLARD COUNTY. No. 2103-" Ochreous Clay, from southern part of Ballard county." Collected by John R. Procter. " Will it make a good and durable paint Found in several parts of this county. " In friable lumps of a yellow ochre color, with some little infiltration of whitish material. It becomes soft and plastic when placed in water. Mixed up with a large quantity of water, and allowed to stand at rest for a few minutes, a por- tion of fine sand, equal to about twenty-six and a half per cent., settles to the bottom of the mixture, while the ochreous material remains suspended in the water for a considerable time in consequence of its fine state of division. This fine sand is composed of small, rounded grains of trans- parent quartz, colored light buff by a little adhering ochreous material; it contained a few small spangles of mica. It would be easy, by this simple process of washing, to sep- arate the ochre from the fine sand with which it is naturally mixed. The washed ochre, although not very bright, is of a good color, and could be very well used for a cheap and dura- ble paint for outside work. Calcined in the fire, it becomes of a good Venetian red color. No. 2104-" Clay, at least four feet thick, from near Moore's Mill. Base of hill on the north side of the Columbus and Blandville road; one mile southwest of Blandville." Col- lected by John R. Procter. Clay in friable lumps; generally of a very light grey color, nearly white; mottled somewhat with ochreous material. It is quite plastic with water, and calcines of a light salmon color. 1 7 CHEMICAL REPORT. Quite refractory before the blow-pipe. Washed several times with water, allowing ten minutes each time for subsidence, it left nearly 48 per cent. of quite fine white sand, which was so fine, indeed, that it was somewhat plastic while wet, and ad- herent when dry. On comparing the composition of this clay with that of the celebrated German Glass Pot Clay, so extensively imported by our glass manufacturers, a remarkable resemblance is ob- servable. That the comparison may be made by our readers, we copy here the results of two analyses of the German clay, from Geological Reports of Kentucky, Vol. IV, N. S., p. i63, marked H and I, and place them by the side of that of the clay above described, No. 2I04, as follows: COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212 F. No. 2104. H. I Silica, including pure sand ............ . 74.460 70.860 73.660 Alumina . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 18.070 20.900 19.460 Iron peroxide..... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1.633 1-560 1.560 Lime. .314 347 .i68 Magnesia.. .. .. .245 .220 .209 Potash.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .940 .578 .5io Soda.. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .021 .112 .046 Water expelled at red heat and loss. .... . . . . 4.317 6.800 6.20D Total1....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . loo. 101.377 101.823 If this clay is in sufficient quantity in this locality, it cer- tainly deserves trial in the glass-house for this important use, as the importation of the German clay for glass pots, now considered indispensable, is quite expensive. At all events, this No. 2I04 is quite a refractory fire-clay, although it con- tains more potash than the imported article, which may possi- bly impair its value in this respect. Other sandy clays; one from Graves county, No. 2143, and one from Hickman county, No. 2i62 of present report, closely resemble this in composition, but containing rather more pot- ash; also deserve trial in this relation. Ix3 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2105-" Clay, front the farm of Mr. T. D. Campbell, in South Ballard county." Sent by John R. Procter. In a friable lump, as soft as chalk, of a handsome, light pur- plish-grey color, presenting a somewhat stratified appearance, because of interrupted thin laminae of lighter material. It shows a few ochreous specks, and appears to be somewhat sandy. Washed in water, it left fifty-four per cent. of very fine sand of a light lilac color, some more of still finer sand being left in the washings. It is quite plastic, decrepitates strongly when exposed to heat, unless it is thoroughly dry. Calcines hard; of a handsome light purplish-grey color. Before the blow-pipe it proved quite refractory. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Silica ....................... 67.501 Alumina, &c .................... . 23.051 Iron peroxide..... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 2.109 Lime .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .257 Magnesia..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .o65 Potash.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .412 Soda... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 020 Combined water, &c., and loss......... . . 6.585 Total .................... This clay would, no doubt, answer well for many forms of pottery, as well as for fire-bricks. But for the somewhat un- due proportion of iron oxide, it might probably serve all pur- poses of the most refractory clay. No. 2 io6-' Impure sand, from T. D. Camzpbell, southern part of Ballard county." A dirty, olive-brownish sand, abundantly mixed with ochre- ous or ferruginous material, mottled with blackish, containing some ochreous sandy concretions. Digested in chloro-hydric acid, it left nearly ninety-eight per cent. of sand, composed mostly of rounded grains of hyaline quartz, mixed with some very fine sand, and some few rounded pebbles of milky quartz of various sizes. The acid dissolved out of it less than two per cent. of alumina and iron and manganese oxides, with traces of lime, magnesia, &c. I9 20 C,_i.: REPCRT. This sand would answer well for the manufacture of the common kinds of glass ill extensive use, as well as for mixing with cement and mortar for building purposes, &c. MINERAL WATERS FROM BALLARD COUNTY. No. 2107 A-" Water from the Bluff .Sring.' On the road from Columbus to Cairo, in the milk-sick region, and supposea by some to cause this sickness." Sent for examination by Hon. S. H. Jenkins. The water had deposited a considerable brownish sediment, which did not all dissolve in chloro-hydric acid. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of some free car- bonic acid, much of bi-carbonates of lime and magnesia, some little bi-carbonate of iron, and of chlorine and sulphuric acid in combination. The water had a slightly alkaline reaction, and the spectro- scope showed the presence of a trace of lithium. There is no reason to suppose that this water has anything to do with the causation of milk-sickness. No. 2107 B-" Water from the I Mahon Spring.' Said to be unhealthy, and by some thought to cause milk-sickness." Sent by Hon. S. H. Jenkins. Qualitatively examined, it gave similar reactions with the water from the " Bluff Spring," but did not seem to contain as much iron; and there was no brown sediment in the bottle containing it. A weighed portion of this water, evaporated to dryness, left only 0.36 per thousand of the water of whitish saline residue, dried at 212 . The soluble part of this had an alkaline reac- tion, and the spectroscope showed the presence in it of soda and lithia. It seems to be a perfectly wholesome water, although, like the above, somewhat "hard " from the presence of lime and magnesia bi-carbonates. The water A is also slightly cha- lybeate. CHEMICAL REPORT. CLARK COUNTY. No. 2 I o8-" Water from a bored well, seventy-two feet deep, near Winches/er. Bored through limiestone and so-called I soap- stone' (or marlite)." Brough/ by Mr. B. F. Vanmeter, and analyzed for him. The water was slightly alkaline in reaction, contained no hydrogen sulphide, and had formed no sediment in the bottle in which it was brought to the laboratory. Evaporated to dryness, iooo parts of the water left only 0.59I2 part of saline matters, dried at 212 F. These were quite alkaline in reaction, and the spectroscope showed the presence in them of soda, lithia, potash, strontia, and a doubt- ful trace of baryta. Qualitative analysis detected much chlorine, some carbonic acid, and a little sulphuric acid, in combination with a consid- erable proportion of lime and. magnesia, as well as with the bases above mentioned, but no sensible quantity of iron. This water is much more free from saline matters and hy- drogen sulphide than what is usually obtained by boring to such a depth in this limestone region. CLINTON COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2109 -" Virgin soil from the farm of Lewis Huff, at the nor/h end of the I Copperas Knob,' at Huff's coal bank; one mile east from the ' Livingston road' and from Mr. Huff's house; about three miles west of south of Long's Gap. Geo- logical position, on the first terrace above the sub-carboniferous limestone, and the second below coal, and on the steep terrace slopes of the coal-bearzng sandstone and shales." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr., July, i859. The dried soil is friable, and of a dark umber-grey color. The coarse sieve separated from it 22.4 per cent. of irregular, slightly-rounded fragments, some pretty large, of ferruginous sandstone or silico-ferruginous concretions. The analysis giv- en below was of the "fine earth" separated from these frag- ments by the coarse sieve; and the ultimate value of these soils must therefore be discounted by the amount of these 2 1 CHEMICAL REPORT. coarse, rocky fragments thus separated. The bolting-cloth removed from the silicious residue (stated as sand and insolu- ble silicates) a considerable proportion of small grains of partly decomposed concretions or silicates, easily crushed to fine powder, and a few small, rounded quartzose particles. No. 211 o-" Surface soil from the same field as the preceding. Was cleared in 1 853. Has been in corn every year, including the present( I 859)." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr. The dried soil resembles the preceding; is very slightly darker than that. The coarse sieve removed from it 27 per cent. of ferruginous silicious fragments; some large; not rounded. The bolting-cloth separated from the sand and insoluble silicates only a small proportion of particles of partly-decom- posed concretions or silicates, and a very few small, rounded grains of white quartz. No. 21 I-" Subsoil of he next preceding," &c., &c. This subsoil is slightly darker colored than the preceding, which it resembles. The coarse sieve removed from it 14.2 per cent. of irregular fragments of ferruginous sandstone, not much rounded, and a few small, rounded quartz pebbles. All the silicious residue, from digestion in acids, passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of soft particles of partly-decomposed silicates or concretions, and very few small, rounded quartz grains. No. 2112-" Virgin soil from the farm of John Wade, on the head of Indian creek, on the Monticello and Albany road, six- teen and three quarter miles southwest of theformer place, and seven miles northeast of the latter,; one mile north of Wade's Gap, and at the south foot of ' Short Mountain.' Geological position, sub-carboniferous limestone." Collected by Joseph Les- ley, jr. This dried soil is of a light brownish-grey color. It is quite friable and light. The coarse sieve separated from it as much as 29.5 per cent. of angular fragments of chert and somewhat rounded particles of ferruginous sandstone. All of its silicious 22 CHEMICAL REPORT. residue passed through the bolting-cloth except a small pro- portion of small, rounded grains of white quartz, and a few particles of partly decomposed silicates or concretions. No. 21 13-" Surface soil fromt a field across the road from the place of the next preceding. Now ( I 859) in corn; last year iRC wheat,; year before in grass. Was cleared in I 803, and for twelve years was set uninterrupftedly in corn, and has beei cultivated ever since, with not enough manure to speak of" Collected by josephl Lesley, jr. The dried soil is of a light snuff color, but darker colored and more brownish than the next preceding; friable. The coarse sieve removed only 4.4 per cent. of somewhat rounded ferruginous sandstone fragments, with a few small quartzose concretions. All the silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of small, rounded white quartz grains and a few of partly decomposed silicates or concretions. No. 2114-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. This dried subsoil is very much like the soil next preceding, but is of a slightly darker color. It is quite friable. The coarse sieve separated from it 8.2 per cent. of somewhat rounded particles of ferruginous sandstone. All the silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small pro- portion of small rounded grains of white quartz and a few of partly decomposed silicates or concretions. COMPOSITION OF THESE CLINTON COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212 .F. No. 2109. No. 2110 No. sill No. 2112. No. 2113. No- 2114- Organic and volatile mamters .6. . .. .... 6 .6275 6.9-7 36.00 4.320 4.695 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides. . 5.984 6.687 6.951 2 .932 6.129 6.247 Lime carbonate. ...... 405 .620 .480 .o8o 295 .195 Magnesi....... .2.... . . .23 .232 .223 .106 .124 .lod Phosphoric acid (PO5)..i66 .173 .259 .093 .071 093 P ntash extracted by acids......... . .212 .274 .222 .155 .170 .185 Soda extracted by acids .not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. WVater expelled at 3So0 F..... . ..... S1.8.lizol1665 1.550 1940 1.50- S.ind and insoluble silicates ... . . 84 990 8t. i65 83.365 92.240 80.790 86.790 Total... 1...00410 l236 100.075 10.15699.839 99.816 Hygroscopic moisture .......... . .. 1.585 1. 990 I. 750 0.900 3 Bo 1 .5t5 Potash In the insoluble.ilicates. 983 l .098 972 .327 .726 .2 Soda in the insoluble sicates..217 .101 .158 .269 .263 . x69 Percentage or gravel..... ... ... . 22.400 27.000 14. w0o29.500 4- 40 8.200 Character of the soll . . ... . . . . . ... Virgiti soil' Old field. Subsoil. Virgin soil Old field. Subsoil. vnL. V.-27 . 23 CHEMICAL REPORT. These Clinton county soils are from two different geological horizons; Nos. 2109, 21 10, and 211I being from the coal- measure sandstones and shales, while Nos. 2112, 2I13, and 2114 are based oii the sub-carboniferous limestone. Strange as it may appear, these coal-measure soils seem to be the richest in essential ingredients. Were it not for the considerable pro- portion of ferruginous sandstone fragments or gravel contained in these, they might be classed amongst our most productive soils, as their "fine earth," the analyses of which are given above, contains a full average proportion of potash, phos- phoric acid, lime, magnesia, organic matters, &c. The soils Nos. 2 12, 2113, and 2114 are somewhat deficient in phosphoric acid, and it is remarkable that No. 11 12, the virgin soil of the set, is much poorer than the soil of the old field, No. 21 13, which has been in cultivation for fifty-six years, and that it is quite deficient in lime carbonate as compared with that. But this fact, as well as its much larger propor- tion of gravel, of a different kind from that of the other, and its lighter color, as compared with the soil of the old field and the subsoil, indicate that this and these other soils were de- rived from different geological sources. CRITTENDEN COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2115-" Virgin soil; half an inch below the surface. Soil two to four inches deep. Ridge land a mile and a half east of the Sulphur Springs, Crittenden county. Farm of S. C B. McMican. Soil is deriveedfrom sandstone. Supports a growth of black, white, post, Spanish, and some black-jack oaks, poplar, hickory, elm, ash, black gum, dogwood, and some sassafras and papaw." Collected by C. J. Norwood. A light soil, of a grey-buff or drab color. It all passed through the coarse sieve except vegetable debris. All the sand and insoluble silicates left after digestion in the acid passed through bolting-cloth, except a small propor- tion of soft grains of partly-decomposed concretions, and a very few minute, rounded white quartz grains. 24 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2 I 6- " Subsoil of the next preceding," 6c., &c. The subsoil is of a brownish-yellow ochre color, in quite firm clods. It all passed through the coarse sieve except some vegetable debris. The bolting-cloth separated from the sand and insoluble silicates more than half its weight of small, rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions, easily crushed under the finger, and a very few small, rounded grains of white quartz. No. 21 17" Surface soil on ridge land; from a field in culti- vation for eight years; ist in tobacco, 2d and 3d in corn, 4th in wheat, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th in corn. No fertilizers used. The soil is from three to six inches deep, derived from sand- stone. Sample taken one inch from the surface. Same farm as the two preceding." Collected by C. J. Norwood. All passed through the coarse sieve except vegetable debris and a few small ferruginous concretions. The bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residue only a small proportion of particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and a very few minute, rounded grains of white quartz. No. 21 I 8-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a greyish-yellow ochre color; lighter than that of the virgin soil. It is in somewhat firm clods, but it all passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth removed from the sand and insoluble sili- cates about half their weight of small soft particles of partly- decomposed concretions or silicates, and only some three or four small, rounded grains of white or hyaline quartz. 25 26 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE CRITTENDEN COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2115. No. 2116. No. 2117-.No. 2118. Organic and volatile matters...... . 2.225 2.950 3.260 2.885 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides3.629 8. 71 8 4.868 8.173 Lime carbonate. .... . .. . . .160 145 .270 .170 M1lagnesia..... .. .. . .. . .. . .304 .350 .214 .703 Phosphoric acid (P205)..... . .. . . o86 .092 Xc67 . 102 Potash extracted by acids....... 090 ..309 .171 .122 Soda extracted by acids.... . .. . n. e. . i8 n. e. n. e. Water expelled at 38o0 F. .875 .9Z5 1.225 .950 Sand and insoluble silicates,... 92.705 86.665 89-44o 86.490 Total.... .. .. . .. .....100.074 100.272 99 515 99 595 IHygroscopic moisture. . .0.. . o.890 0.925 1.565 2.000 Potash in the insoluble silicates. 1.876 2.023 1.707 1-755 Soda in the insoluble silicates.... . .896 .750 .694 .588 Character of the soil .... . . . . .. Virgin soil Subsoil. Old field. Subsoil. These soils, although derived from sandstone, and contain- ing a considerable proportion of sand and insoluble silicates; in No. 21 15 as much as 92.705 per cent.; may yet be preserved in a fertile condition for an unlimited time by judicious man- agement and the use of appropriate fertilizers. What we denominate "sand," however, in the statement of the com- position of these and other soils, is In such a state of fine division as to pass freely through a sieve having i6oo meshes to the centimetre square; and while it renders the soil light and readily permeable by water and the gases, is yet so finely divided as to present in some degree the plastic properties of clay, as well as the property of attracting and holding, with surface attraction, the gases and the fertilizing materials with which it is brought in contact. The influence of fine division of the soil has been recognized by experience, so that the German and French agricultural chemists mainly disregard the pebbles and coarse sand which enter into the composition of a soil, and estimate its fertility by the proportion and composition of the I fine earth" which it contains. This, indeed, has been the method pursued in this work for the Kentucky Geological Survey. 26 CHEMICAL REPORT. The soils above described contain quite a sufficient quantity of lime and magnesia, and, generally, a good proportion of potash; the ridge soil, No. 2115, showing, however, a slight deficiency in this respect; but as the phosphoric acid appears to be in rather small amount in them, the use of phosphatic fertilizers would doubtless be profitable; associated, as they always should be, with some nitrogenous material. Their fer- tility might, no doubt, also be improved by increasing their proportion of organic matters, by the use of barn-yard manure, or plowing under green crops, &c. Deep plowing might also be advantageous, as the subsoil is rather richer than the sur- face. FAYETTE COUNTY. No. 21 19-" Salt sulphur water front a bored well seventy-one feet two inches deep; six feet and a half of which was through soil, subsoil, and -under-clay; the rest through the hard lime- stone rock of the Lower Silurian formation. On the farm of Mr. John C. Innis, on the Russell road, about seven miles north of Lexington." Brought by Mr. Innis. The water contained hydrogen sulphide in notable quantity, and carbonic acid. Evaporated to dryness, it left 2.2 parts of saline matters, dried at 212 , to the thousand of the water, which gave a slightly alkaline reaction with reddened litmus. By qualitative analysis the saline matters of this water were found to contain much sodium chloride (common salt); also much lime in combination, some magnesia, and a small quan- tity of sulphates, &c.; in short, the usual saline constituents of the rocks of this region, which lie below the surface drain- age; found in the waters of almost all the deep-bored wells, and brought out in the waters of such deep-seated springs as those of the lower Blue Licks, &c., and which are derived originally, no doubt, from the primeval ocean under which the rock strata were formed. 27 28 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2120-" Marly clay, occuming in a bed described as being afoot and a half thick, in the Lower Silurian limestone strata on Elk Lick, between the Kentucky rzver and the Lexington and Richmond Turnpike, just above the so-called petrzfied falls' of Elk Lick." Collected by Waldemar Mentelle. A whitish clay, mottled with brownish ochreous. Quite plastic. Effervesces with chlorohydric acid. At a moderate red heat it calcines (or "burns") of a handsome flesh color, which property might commend it for use for terra-cotta, if in sufficient abundance. Before the blow-pipe it readily fuses into a whitish slag. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Silica...................... 53.780 Alumina.... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 23.260 Iron peroxide..... .. .. .. .. . .. .. 1 300 Lime. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 4.866 Magnesia.... . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .568 Phosphoric acid (P205)...... .. . .. .. .191 Potash... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7.612 Soda.. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .550 Combined water, carbonic acid, and loss .... . 7.873 Total .................... 100.000 The considerable proportions of lime, magnesia, potash, and soda account for the fusibility of this clay at a high temper- ature. It resembles the usual marly clay layers of the Lower Silurian formation, and contains quite a large proportion of combined potash. FRANKLIN COUNTY. No. 2 I 2 I -" Limestone, supposed to be hydraulic or water lime. Kentucky nrver bluffs; north side; at the end of Dam No. 4. Bed three to ten feet thick. Trenton Group." Collected by John R. Procter. A pretty compact or fine granular rock; not adhering to the tongue. Some layers laminated and slightly adherent. Gen- erally of a dull, dark brownish, olive-grey color. Contains a few indistinct, small encrinital joints in the compact portion. 28 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Lime carbonate............... . 70.360o= Lime, 39.401 Magnesia carbonate .......... . 6.784 = Magnesia, 3.236 Alumina... .. .. . . .... .. .. . 5 458 Ironperoxide..... .. .. .. .. .. . 1 342 Phosphoric acid .............. not est. Potash.............. . .ii8 Soda... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .281 Silica.............. 14.020 Total.. .. .. .. .99..... .. .. 363 Some of the rock was calcined at a moderate red heat in the powdered state, for about one hour. It still effervesced a little with acids. Mixed with water into a paste, both with sand added and without, and partly immersed in water, both samples became only moderately hard. A portion was then calcined at a white heat, so that it became partly sintered, but the powdered product did not harden as well even as that which had been more moderately heated. It seems, there- fore, that this does not promise well as a water cement when calcined without admixture. Comparing it with the celebrated water cement rock prepared near the Falls of the Ohio, near Louisville (see table at end of this report), we find that, while this Kentucky river rock contains a larger proportion of pot- ash than that, it is relatively deficient in silica as compared with its lime. Indeed, we found that when calcined it slacked hot with water, and showed other properties of "1 fat" lime. No. 2122 -" Water from the Kentucky river, collected just below the bridge at Frankfort," by John R. Procter. Brought to the Laboratory in a new, well-glazed stone-ware jug, stopped with a cork. The water was slightly turbid, and deposited a light brown- ish-red sediment on standing, which contained very fine sand and red oxide of iron. It is slightly alkaline in its reaction, and left, on evaporation to dryness, only about 0. 13 to the thousand parts of the water of solid saline residue, dried at 212 F. This saline residue was very slightly colored with brownish organic matter, and consisted mainly of carbonates 29 CHEMICAL REPORT. of lime and magnesia, which were held in solution in the water by carbonic acid; some chlorides, no doubt, of potassium, sodium, &c.; a small amount of sulphate of some of the bases mentioned; a trace of alumina and iron and manganese oxides, and a little dissolved silica. Were it not for the trace of reddish organic matter in this water, it would be, after its sediment had been deposited by allowing it to stand at rest or removed by filtration, a remark- ably good natural water; and it is probable that it would be found more free from saline and other impurities if collected above the limits of the town. It would be interesting and useful more fully to examine the water of this river, as well as of our other rivers, at different seasons of the year, espe- cially because the use of these waters may greatly affect the health of the public; and the successful practice of many of the industrial arts depends on pure water. FULTON COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2123-" Top soil, from Mississippi bottom land, three mi/es southwest from Hickman, Fullon county. Prznct al growth. white oak, hickory, gum, and beech." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is in pretty firm clods. of a light yellowish- umber color. The coarse sieve removed from it only a very small portion of vegetable debris. All of its silicious residue, left after digestion in acids, passed through the finet sieve, except a small proportion of small particles of partly decom- posed concretions, and only one or two small quartz grains. No. 2124" Soilfrom the surface of a field twelve years in corn without manure. Mississzipi bottom land, about two miles south of Hickman. Yield this season ( J 878) over fifty bushels of corn per acre." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried soil in friable clods, of an umber color. The Coarse sieve has about sixty-four meshes to the centimeter square. tThe fine sieve has about t6oo meshes to the centimeter square. 30 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2125-" Virgin soil, from the land of Dr. G. W. Pascal, half a mile north of Fulton, EFuton county." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is in quite friable clods, of a light grey-brown color. No. 2126-" Surface soil, from an old field forty years in cul- tivation. Farm of Dr. Pascal, half a mile from Eu/ton. Sample taken three to twelve inches below the surface." Col- lected by John R. Procter. The dried soil of a light yellowish grey-brown color. Clods friable. No. 2127-" Subsoil of the next preceding. Taken from thirteen to twenty inches below the surface." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried subsoil is of a brownish-buff color. The clods are more firm than those of the preceding soil. The silicious residue of this, as well as of the other soils of this locality, described above, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a very small proportion of small grains of partly-decomposed concretions, and of quartz. The soils all passed through the coarse sieve, with a small residue in some .of vegetable debris and small ferruginious concretions. No. 2128-" Virgin soil. Farm of Capt. Henry Tyler, three miles southeast from Hickman, Fulton county. Growth: mostly poplar, maple, white and Spanish oaks, and some walnut." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is of a brownish-grey color. The clods are friable, and mottled with lighter grey and light ferruginous tints. The coarse sieve separated from it but a small propor- tion of partly rounded ferruginous particles. Its silicious res- idue all passed through the fine sieve except a very small proportion of small, rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions, with no quartz particles. 31 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2I29-" Subsoil of the next preceding, &c., &c.; taken twenty-four inches below the surface." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried subsoil is of a grey-buff color. The clods are quite firm, mottled with darker and yellowish tints. The bolting-cloth removed from the silicious residue a consider- able proportion of small, soft grains of partly-decomposed concretions, but no quartz sand. No. 2130-" Top soil, first ten inches from surface; from an old field near the location of the next preceding soil, on Capt. Henry Tyler's farm, &c., &c. The land is in corn. as it was last year. The yield this year (1877) is sixty-five bushels per acre. There is a good deal of soil similar to this on the uplands bordering on the Mississippi river. Noticed similar soil in tle western part of Ballard count,'." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is of a dark mouse color. The clods are friable. The coarse sieve removed from it only a little vege- table debris. The fine sieve separated from the silicious residue, left after digestion in acids, a notable proportion of small, soft, rounded grains of partly-decomposed concretions, and one or two quartz grains. No. 2 1 3 1- Subsoil of the next preceding; taken carefully from fifteen to twenty-four inches below the surface. The bulk of the sample is from twenty-four inches below the surface." Col- lected by John R. Procter. The dried subsoil is in very firm clods, of a dark mouse color. The bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residue a very large proportion, about one half, of small particles of somewhat rounded, partly-decomposed concretions. 32 CHEMICAL REPORT. 33 No. 2132-" Virgin soil; upland. On Capt. Henry Tyler's farm. Timber, proportion in the order named: black walnzt, whie oak, sugar maple and red oak." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried soil in friable clods of a dirty drab color. The coarse sieve separated only a small portion of vegetable debris. All the silicious residue, from digestion in acids, passed through the bolting-cloth, except a single small quartz grain. No. 2133-" Subsoil of the next preceding soil, from Capt. Tyler's farm; taken twelve to twenty-four inches below the surface." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried subsoil in firm clods, of a dark buff color. All passed through the coarse sieve. The silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of soft granules of partly-decomposed concretions. It contained no quartz grains. CHEMICAL KEPORT. z 1O 0 " o 0 o 0 0 ... I....l ll N O 00 00 a, C, e- 0 0' _ In 0 .0 D N 00 U 0.C 0 Ieq 0oo . vI N eV0 lfN SS -G v . 09 rQ 0Qt Nf0 100 t'I 10 0 - oo vn_ g sIO 0'op0 0 _o v vo_ zQ _ O' _ v ___. a N 0:Z 0 I Cs It 00 cor . u 0 z. '..___ 00 -, -r-a z 000 __ _ -_0 M 0 " 0 "1t 0 C N 0 8 Vs _C UC )0O O Z rv 0l ......... . .0 I 0 "1e O- t - -90 0........ .... I 0 ' Q0 k. . Ut 00 _ _ _ OVVVO0I -- N O 00 I 0 - O Q O -00 O O - e -O - -I I 0 z C snJ - r,U1 ..0 "osoI8_11_ _o-1 - N N)0ND_ -"I-IO OXI01 x 1u ea C, No O N IN- Cr 00 C N 0Zt v"' V8 q-Qt O-P _ t s v d- I -1 R = 1e N I e ---- _t _.t01 N r4-e - 1 0 100 t ' Cls 00 e " I O e _ _ V O0 i _ 1 0 roo U=04 z i e o; cr 1 801l- -1l ;, 0 " I 0 O- 0 t1ex.....s -U r-l "o 2v __.L O 0 0 -O 00151 - 1 6 ! - 0 !! Cs--. cc.1.x 0 C._ - d.. . . CUC C 4 , C _eS. ,,s 14e o35 9 4, 3 a4 EC .v . 4. 4, .2 -.6 o - U.- U,5 1 0.14 2.. co 14 : o -c0-I 0 WI 4, 0 14 14 'C, 34 0 N C z: z 0 z 0 0 111 I CHEMICAL REPORT. There is a considerable resemblance between the soils Nos. 2I23 and 2I30. They both seem to be soils of more than average fertility, containing, as they do, large proportions of organic and volatile matters, and. consequently, of hygro- scopic moisture; also more than the usual quantities of alum- ina, &c., of lime, magnesia, phosphoric acid, and the alkalies, and leaving but a moderate quantity of silicious residue when digested in acids. If well drained, these soils will doubtless be of durable fertility. The soils Nos. 2126, 2128, and 2131 contain more of the silicious material than the above-mentioned, and Nos. 2128 and 2132 seem to be somewhat deficient in immediately avail- able potash; but they contain an average proportion of lime, magnesia, phosphoric acid, and generally a large amount of reserve alkalies in their silicious residues. Moreover, being of a fine texture, their small proportions of alumina, &c., will not be as great a drawback to their productiveness as might be supposed. The other soils take an intermediate position between these two groups mentioned. No. 2125 is to be distinguished by its apparent deficiency of phosphoric acid, which, however, can be easily remedied by the judicious use of phosphatic fertilizers. Organic and volatile matters seem to be in small proportion in Nos. 2126 and 2132. The sub- soil, No. 2127, also shows but a small proportion; but this is a common character of subsoils. Although these soils vary considerably in their natural fer- tility and probable durability, there is no reason why they all may not be kept permanently productive with judicious man- agement and the timely use of manures. SILICIOUS RESIDUE OF SOILS. Desirous of ascertaining whether any notable quantity of phosphoric acid, &c., had resisted, the action of the acids used in the ordinary analyses of soils, in addition to the potash and soda, the presence and proportions of which have been de- termined in so many of these silicious residues, some of them, after thorough digestion in nitric acid, with the addition of a little hydrochloric acid in the process for the determination 35 CH CHEMICAL REPORT. and removal of the soluble phosphoric acid, were analyzed by preliminary fusion with the alkaline carbonates and the ap- proved processes, with the following results, viz: COMPOSITION CALCULATED INTO 1oo PARTS OF THE SILICIOUS RESI- DUES, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2123. No. 2128. No. 2132. Average composition of 8 of these residues. Silica .... ..... 83.931 88.298 90.236 88.460 Alumina, with trace of iron . . 12.043 6-075 6.689 6.789 Lime ..791 .744 .6oo not estimated. Magnesia. .. . .. .. . .c83 .043 .044 .569 Phosphoric acid...... . . .077 .186 .039 1.151 Potash........... . 2.524 1.947 2.147 3.295 Soda............ . .808 1.569 1.167 Total. ....... .. . 100.254 98.862 100.922 100.264 It is interesting to note, in these silicates of the soil which have resisted the decomposing action of nitric and hydro- chloric acids for a space of seven to ten days in the sand bath, so much of some of the essential elements of plants and ani- mals usually to be found only in small proportion in soils. These, although in this present insoluble state, are, as in all other silicates, subject to gradual decomposition under the ordinary natural agencies, by weathering, as it is termed; and hence may be considered as a reserve store of plant-food, which may prolong the duration of the productiveness of soils. (See, under Nelson county, another of these analyses.) CLAYS OF FULTON COUNTY. No. 2134-" Indurated clay from the bluff at Hickman; forty- five feet above low water." Collected by John R. Procter. Clay generally of a grey color, with some light ferruginous stains in the fissures. Lumps quite firm when dry, breaking with an irregular fracture. Quite plastic with water when powdered. It calcines of a light buff color, and fuses before the blow-pipe into a grey slag. No. 2135-" Clay from the bluffs at Hickman; ninety-five feet above low water. Is it a fire-clay" Collected by John R. Procter. In pretty firm lumps, generally of a light grey tint, but is considerably mottled with light brownish ochreous material. 36 CHEMICAL REPORT. Quite plastic with water. Calcines of a reddish buff color. It is refractory before the blow-pipe; but sintered somewhat. No. 2136-" Clay from Hickman bluff; zapper part of the town. First clay beneath the gravel bed; about four feet thick. Ter- tiary formation." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried clay is a light grey tint, colored buff and ferru- ginous in parts by infiltration. It is moderately plastic, and did not calcine very hard, acquiring a handsome light brick color. Refractory before the blow-pipe. No. 2137-" Clay from Hickman bluff, same bed as that of the next preceding, but a quarter of a mile further u, the bluff; three to four feet thick." Collected by John R. Procter. This clay is somewhat lighter colored than the preceding, and shows very little ferruginous infiltration. It is quite plastic. Burns hard, and of a light greyish-buff tint. Before the blow-pipe it fuses with great difficulty. No. 2138-" Clay from Hickman bluff, upper part of the town, about ten feet below the base of the gravel. Bed about four feet thick, with about four feet of potter's clay resting on it. It is probably the same as the clay collected from Namby Hill. Tertiary." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried clay is in pretty hard lumps, of a light grey color, infiltrated somewhat with ochreous material ill strie. Quite plastic. Calcined of a light brick color. Quite refractory before the blow-pipe. No. 2139-" Clay above the next preceding; about four feet thick." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried clay is in moderately hard lumps, generally of a light lilac-grey, colored on the exterior ochreous and ferru- ginous. It is quite plastic; burns hard, of a light grey-buff tint. Before the blow-pipe it fuses with difficulty. No. 2140-" Clay from Hickman bluffs, upper part of the town, bed aboutfive feet thick, below the next preceding. Tertiary." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried clay, of a light lilac-grey color; in moderately hard lumps; stained with ochreous on the exterior. It is quite 37 CHEMICAL REPORT. plastic. Burns quite hard, and of light brownish-buff tint. Quite refractory before the blow-pipe. No. 214 -" Clay; bed about twenty feet thick, or more; above the railroad track. Upper part of the town of Hickman. iTertiary." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried clay, in moderately hard lumps; of a pretty uniform light olive-grey color. It calcines quite hard, and of a brown- ish buff color. 'Quite refractory before the blow-pipe. No. 214 2- Loess or Bluff' from Hickman bluff. Quater- nary." Collected by John R. Procter. In very friable lumps, of a light grey-buff color. Contains remains of land and fresh water shells. It is somewhat plastic; not very coherent when burnt; acquiring a very light brick color; before the blow-pipe fuses into a light grey slag. COMPOSITION OF THESE HICKMAN BLUFF CLAYS, FULTON COUNTY, DRIED AT 2120 F. NO. 2134 No. 2135 No. 2136 No. 217 NO. 2138 No. 21391No. 2140 No. 2141 No. 2142 Silica ......... . . . . 64.800 76-86o 83 380 S7340 83.500 71 o80 741o 77.go 65 8o Alumina ............ 21.070 14.600 9.80 17.190 9.940 9.-05. 16.46o 13.970 22.980 Iron oxide........ ... 5.270 3. 0202.1202.7702.5002.8102.7002.390 2.240 Lime..... ... . ... 1.400 .425 .963i.612 .358 .627 - 358.134 9.587 Magnesia...... o.... 5 .308 .187 .209 173 .401 .187 .163 1.182 Potashb............ .646 - 736 .617 .925 539-. s78.559 .797 X 773 Soda..... .... .... .202 257 . x IS.232. 109.225 .135 .124 1.27,8 Combinedwaterandloss. . . .6562 3. 794 2.815 5.722 2.881 5 227 5.501 4.462 2.10- Total. .......... 0100.000 l00.000 100.000 100.000 100.0o. 3O o. 100.000 100. 0.000 It is evident that the Tertiary bluffs, from which these clays were collected, offer some valuable materials to the industrial arts. Some of these are quite refractory in the fire, especially Nos. 2136, 2138, 2140, and 2141. and wouild probably make good fire-bricks, &c.; others of them could be employed for terra-cotta work and other forms of pottery; while some of these abundant deposits might, no doubt, be used with ad- vantage, in mixture with the more calcareous soft material found in some of these beds, in the manufacture of hydraulic cement of the character of the celebrated Portland cement. The loess layer material might be made useful as top-dressing to heavy clay soil. CHEMICAL REPORT. GRAVES COUNTY. No. 2143-" Clay, from Wm. P. Arnett's land, on Panther creek. The bed shows eight feet above the creek." Collected by John R. Procter. Clay of a uniform grey color, apparently quite sandy. Washed with water, it left about sixty-three per cent. of fine sand of an umber-grey color, containing small spangles of mica and some coarser grains of transparent quartz. It is quite plastic, and burns of a light salmon color; does not become very hard unless exposed to a very high temperature. It is refractory before the blow-pipe. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Silica . . . . ... . ...... . . . . . 75.550 or which 63 per cent. of fine sand. Alumina. 16.751 Iron peroxide .. 198 Lime .a trace. Magnesia... . .. . . .. .. .. . .144 Potash.. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 1.094 Soda. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .216 Combined water and loss .5.047 Total... . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 1.ooo This clay resembles that from Ballard county, No. 2104, which is compared with the German glass-pot clay; but both this and that contain more potash than the foreign material, which may possibly cause it to be less available to the glass- maker. It could no doubt be made useful for many purposes, as a fire-clay as well as for various pottery applications. NO. 2I44- BTUMINOUS SHALE, labeled " Brown coal, from Mr. Wm. Arnett's land, on Panther creek, six miles east of May- field, on the Columbus and Hopkinsville road. Bed showing aboxt three feet above the creek, said to be several feet below that level." Collected by John R. Procter. A soft laminated, bituminous shale or clay; of a dark choco- late color, showing numerous impressions of vegetable leaves. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2121 F. Hygroscopic moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Total volatile matters = 20.35 Volatile combustible matters .6.22 Fixed carbon in the coke . . . . . . . . . . . 10.25 Total pulverulent coke = 79.65 Light ash, nearly white .69.40 100.00 100.00 VOL. V.-28. 39 CHEMICAL REPORT. The ash was found to contain a considerable proportion of alumina, some little lime and magnesia, as well as a trace of phosphoric acid. As this material only contains a little more than thirty-six per cent. of combustible matters, it could scarce- ly be made available as a fuel. Possibly it may find use as a cheap pigment. GREENUP COUNTY. COALS. No. 2145-" Coal (No. 3). Splint coal sampledfrom the stock pile of the Euton Coal Compaany." By John R. Procter. The coal breaks into irregular lamina, which have some fibrous coal between them, and some fine, granular pyrites in parts. The fibrous coal shows the shape of portions of reed- like leaves in some of the laminae. Generally the coal pre- sents a glossy, pitch-like appearance. No. 2146-" Coal (NJo. 4). Cannel coal from Indian Run, Green up county. Sampled from the stock pile of the Fu Ion Coal Company." By John R. Procter. A very tough cannel coal; imperfectly and irregularly lam- inated, with no fibrous coal between the laminae, and very little appearance of granular pyrites. It is generally of a dull black color, but some portions have an ebony-like gloss. NO. 2147-" Coal (No. 4). Cannel coal from Chinn's Branch, three miles above Greenup. Sampledfrom the stock pile of the Eu/ton Coal Company." By John R. Procter. This resembles the next preceding, but is not quite so much laminated; some portions give a large conchoidal frac- ture. It shows very little fibrous coal or granular pyrites. No. 2148" Coal No. 7 (Coalton); from the Eu/ton Company tract. Sent for analysis by James A. Johnson. Average sam- ple of a barge load." A pure-looking, bright, pitch like coal, quite firm, with much handsome iridescence on some of the surfaces of its cuboid 40 CHEMICAL REPORT. blocks. It does not break into regular lamina, although it shows irregular lamination, with very little fibrous coal be- tween, and no visible granular pyrites. Has some bright pyritous scales in some of the joints. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY COALS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2145 No. 2146 No. 2147 No. 2148 Specific gravity............. 1-319 1.286 1-331 1.324 Hygroscopic moisture........ . 5.00 2 00 4.80 6.oo Volatile combustible matters.... ... 39-00 47-36 36. 9 33-48 Coke................. 56.03o 50.64 58.30 60.52 Total................ 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.CO Total volatile matters......... 44.00 49.36 41.70 39-48 Fixed carbon in the coke..... .. . 49.88 38.24 51.20 56.14 Ash.. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 6.12 12.40 7. 10 4.38 Total... . .. .. . .. . .. .. 100.0o 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke. Spongy. Slightly co-Dense.Dense. herent. Color of the ash ........... . Lilac-grey Grey-buff. Lilac-grey Lilac-grey. Percentage of sulphur.1........ . r.986 1 554 3 977 2.330 All of these are valuable coals, more especially Nos. 2145 and 2148, because of their small proportions of ash and sul- phur. No. 2147 is nearly as good, but the sample analyzed contained more than the average proportion of sulphur. It is probable, however, that this excess of sulphur was acci- dental in the sample. The cannel coal, No. 22146. which would burn with much flame, would answer well under the steam-boiler or in the fire-place or cooking-stove. HARRISON COUNTY. No. 2149-" Iron ore; from Thomas Hinkston's land." Col- lected by John R. Procter. Generally in conglomeratic lumps, composed of dark colored, somewhat friable, limonite concretions, with some soft reddish ochreous material interspersed. 41 4 CI [EN1ICAL REIP)OR. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Iron oxide. .... .. .. .. ... . . 21.0 = 14.84 per cent. of ian. Alumina and phosphoric acid......... ..2 87n Lime carbonate...... . .. .. .. . .. .. 1.290 Magnesia carbonate..... .. .. .. . .. .. 6.621 Silicious residue........... .. .. . . 9.69" Water, &c., and loss......... ... . . b. 29 Total.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . A . ooo It contains too little iron for use as an iron ore. HENDERSON COUNTY. SOI [S. No. 2150-" Virgin soil; woodlandpasture; bottom land. Farm of IOV. Thomtson, five miles -f-on: Henderson Station, on the L. & S. E. Railroad. Said to be very fe-r;tle." Collected by C WV Beck/awm. The general color of this dried soil is dark drab. It con- tains some moderately firm clodis, which, when broken, show a mottling of light ferruginous and bluish-grey tints. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except some vege- table debris and a few small ferruginous concretions. The bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residue, left after digestion in acids, a considerable proportion of small grains, the skeletons of decomposed concretions, with a small quantity of small, rounded white quartz grains. No. 2 1 5 l " Surface so. Ifrom a field fiffee;z )'ears in cultivation hn corn, tobacco, and hay. Sanme locality as the precedingf." Co!lected by C. W. Berkham. The dried soil is of a lighter drab color than the preceding, and the clods are not quite so firm. It all passed through the coarse sieve except vegetable debris and a few ferruginous concretions. Its silicious residue, from digestion in acids, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small quantity of small, soft particles of partly-decomposed concretions and a very few small, rounded quartz grains. No. 2152-" Subsoil of the next preceeding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is in very firm clods, which are of a dark. brownish-drab color on the exterior surface, and mottled with brownish-ochreous and bluish-grey in the interior. 42 CHEMICAL REPORT. It all passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth separated from its siliciou-s residue a very large proportion -more than one half of the whole-of small particles, the silicious skeletons of partly-decomposed concretions, which were easily crushed by the finger on paper, after which they passed through the bolting-cloth, leaving only a few small, rounded grains of quartz. No. 2 I 53" Surface soil from an old field twenty-five or thirty years in cultivation; said to be worn out. Fromt the farm of J. D. Robsard, twelve miles from Henderson. on the St. L. & S. E. Railroad." Collected by C. W. Beckham. The dried soil is in pretty firm clods, of a dirty brownish- buff color. It all passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth separated a considerable proportion of small, soft, roUnded particles of partly-decomposed concretions from its silicious residue, as well as one or two small, rounded grains of quartz. No. 2 154-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is in firmer clods than the preceding soil. It is of rather a handsome, warm, brownish-ochre color. It all passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a larger proportion of small, soft grains of partly-decomposed concretions than from that of the preceding soil; but no quartz grains. No. 2155" Virgin soil from woods pasture adjoining the field from which the next preceding two soils were taker. Farm of Mr. KlutM, near Henderson. Quaternary formation." Col- lected by C. W. Beckham. This dried soil is quite friable and light, of a brownish ash- grey color. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except vegetable debris and a small quantity of shot iron ore. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue only a very small proportion of particles of partly-decomposed concre- tions, and only two or three very small, rounded quartz grains. 43 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 21 56-" Surface soil; in cultivation about thirty years; princziR/lly in corn, oats, clover, and tobacco. Same locality as the next preceding." Collected by C W. Beckham. The dried soil, also light and friable, is of a somewhat darker color than the preceding. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except a small quantity of shot iron ore and of vegetable debris. The bolting-cloth separated from its sili- cious residue only a small proportion of particles of partly- decomposed concretions, and a very few small, rounded quartz grains. NO. 2157-" Subsoil of the next preceding, &c., &c. Used for making bricks." Collected by C TV. Beckham. The dried subsoil is of a handsome brownish-yellow ochre color. The clods are very firm. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a large proportion of small, soft particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and no quartz grains. No. 2158-" Virgin soil front woods pasture. Farm of S. H. Busbey, ten miles from Henderson, on the St. L. &' S. E. Railroad. Quaternary formation." Collected by C. W. Beck- ham. Dried soil of a brownish ash-grey color. Light and friable. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except a small quantity of shot iron ore and vegetable debris. The silicious residue from digestion in acids all passed through the bolting-cloth, except two or three small particles of partly-decomposed con- cretions and two or three small quartz grains. No. 2159-" Surface soil from a field twenty-five years in culti- vation, adjoining the location of the next preceding. Tobacco the only crop." Collected by C. W. Beckham. The dried soil is light and friable; its color is slightly more yellowish or light-brownish than that of the preceding. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except vegetable debris and 44 CHEMICAL REPORT. 45 a very small quantity of shot iron ore. Its silicious residue all passed through the belting-cloth, except a very small pro- portion of small grains of partly-decomposed concretions and twvo or three small quartz grains. No. 2 1 6o-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a handsome brownish-yellow ochre color. The clods are quite firm. It all passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue, left from digestion of the soil in acids, a large pro- portion of small, soft particles of partly-decomposed concre- tions, and only two or three very small quartz grains. 00 _ ez 5, _ . - X0l -. . .. . .. . N r _ U40'.Q 0' -Us CIHEMICAL. REPO.T. o = o. I M _ I I I C -.4 (. ',r 0 C _ a 0 .0 CZ 5 c to Isols s I _Z 0 _ _ N' X C NO J_o o + _oX C, Q _c _ Q _f - t=.e- L -n ,e (.4 -O4SSJZ-C. 0d-. O CY, (. 10 I_ C-xsBD Qv_. I- N N vO Nq i V0O I 1 O . U4s' .O ,v O C 0 NC e-O _O I sSI D vs zn r, -- O O .c -.o _ v = - _ 0cq sDoI ' ,-.= " ''''''''1 --' Z _ , _ _ - O --w .0'J Os0 (..(.4.4 I __ei_ . 8 I-N -___ _e t_ =s tD rq Xr (.'..f--! e (. -_NQ N CJ t l-et 7 - - O0 S i C-..N'O 0 . -r. -1-r 1l - 6 (4 _ 5 o I_; _e\-. Ovs: . ... . .. . .. . A 6 C N O C _. _ s_ -0 +es i O ___ w6 a a. 7 _______.-O tk 6 z U, .4 0 I- - '0 N. T. T 30 ._, C e _ ,... U ,, G . 0 _ t (5 eS_ n ,-d . . 0. 5. _ 0 _ _ _ - ,,7 f 0 0 I0 I ____ .5.4 Z(4 -'-U E 0 _ I - 0 ._ 0 uB 5. (4 d4 46 o11 ElEl- .: - In a, Vn I00Clhf'.go 6 :fl F- 9r. ci: F- a C z ci z ci _r5 F- w w a a r C 0 i I i 1 1 I I CHEMICAL REPORT. Although some of these soils contain more than the average proportion of sand and insoluble silicates, and a corresponding small proportion of alumina, &c., these are in such a state of fine division, being fine enough generally to pass through the fine sieve with i6oo meshes to the centimeter square, that this circumstance does not lessen their productiveness as much as might be supposed, while it gives them great permeability. Organic and volatile matters are also in small proportion in them, except in No. 2050, which has an average quantity; but this deficiency can be supplied by the use of barn-yard manure or by plowing under clover or other green crops. They all have more than the average of available potash, which, as well as their light and friable texture, no doubt adapts them to tobacco culture. No. 2154 has much more than the aver- age proportion of this alkali. Their greatest apparent de- ficiency is of phosphoric acid, which, in Nos. 2152 and 2153 to 2I59, inclusive, falls below the average normal proportion in good soils. This defect, however, may find an easy remedy in the application of phosphatic fertilizers, especially bone- dust or superphosphate, &c. The statement that soil No. 2153 is "considered worn out," finds no other apparent veri- fication in the chemical analysis than this deficiency of phos- phoric acid, which is also found in the other soils mentioned, except that its organic and volatile matters are in smaller proportions than in any of the other soils, and far below the average. Notwithstanding these natural conditions, these soils, with good management, drainage where necessary, and the judi- cious use of fertilizers and a proper rotation of crops, can be made and kept quite productive. HICKMAN COUNTY. CLAYS. No. 2 I6I-" Clay from chalk blujf abott two miles below Co- lumbus." Collected by John R. Procter. In moderately firm lumps, of a light buff and lead-grey color. Has a few ferruginous impressions of vegetable leaves. Seems 47 CHEMICAL REPORT. to be quite sandy, yet is quite plastic and burns hard, and of a very light cream color. Refractory before the blow-pipe, only sintering a little. On washing the air-dried clay with water, it left about sixty- nine per cent. of very fine sand, of a drab color, containing a few very small spangles of mica. No. 2162-" Clay from the blurs at Columbus, itpper part of the town. Wi/i it make fire-brick" Collected by John R. Procter. In somewhat friable lumps, of a very light-grey color; almost white; quite sandy. Very little ochreous stain visi- ble. It is plastic, and burns hard, of a light cream color, and is refractory before the blow-pipe. The air-dried clay, washed in water, left 68.5 per cent. of fine sand of a light-grey color, nearly white, which is composed of very small, rounded grains of quartz, with a few small specks of mica. COMPOSITION OF THESE HICKMAN COUNTY CLAYS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2i6i. No. 2162. Silica....... .... .. .... .. .. .... ... 76.360 84.918 Alumina ........ . .. .. .. . ... . .. .. . 14.951 1o.560 Ironperoxide...... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 2.109 1.102 Lime...... ... ............ ... .. . .25 .572 Magnesia.... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .173 . Io8 Potash... .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. 1.171 .65 Soda. .. 125 not est. Combined water and loss.................. . 4.786 2.089 Total.... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . _. ooo.oo No doubt No. 2i62, if it will burn hard enough, would make quite refractory fire-brick, and it, as well as the other clay, might be made available for terra-cotta and other forms of pottery ware. No. 2i6i is less refractory, because, doubtless, of its larger proportions of iron peroxide and potash. Under the head of Ballard county, a comparison was made of the composition of one of these refractory clays and that of the celebrated glass-pot clay of Germany, and the main difference between them was in the larger proportion of pot- ash in the Ballard county clay. The same similarity of com- position with the glass-pot clay may be observed in some of 48 CHENICAL REPORT. the Fulton county clays, as well as in the above described. Whether this somewhat greater proportion of potash would be fatal to the application of these refractor) clays in the glass-works, is worthy of practical trial on a small scale. No. 2 163-" Sand fronm CoSlunzbus,; above the town. A verby large deposit." Collected by Jo/hn R. Pr-octer. A nearly white sand, made up mostly of small, rounded grains of hyaline quartz, colored very light purplish weith iron oxide, and containing a few friable concretions made by infil- tration of carbonate of lime. Washed in water, air-dried, it left 99.40 per cent. of nearly pure white sand. It is no doubt pure enough for the manu- factUre of any but the very finest kind of glass. No. 2i64-" SOIL, LABELED "Arew soil; sw face soil; two Soears iwn cultivation in corn. Thoug/ht to be the przeaiizng upiland soil in the count)'." Collected byt John R. Procter. In friable clods of a grey timber-browvn color. It all passed through the coarse sieve, and its silicious residue left on the bolting-cloth sieve only two or three small particles of partly- decomposed silicates. CONMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Organic and volatile matters..... . .. . .. . 4.140 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides .3.694 Lime carbonate ..495 Magnesia.. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .232 Phosphoric acid..6............ . .. ; 6 Potash extracted by acids.... .. . .. . .. . .182 Soda extracted by acids..... . .. . .. .. . . 564 Water expelled at 380 F.. . .00 Sand and insoluble silicates .90.095 Total.. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 100.568 Hygroscopicmoisture..... . .. . .. . .. . x.735 Potash in the insoluble silicates ..99 Soda in the insoluble silicates ..573 Although the proportion of sand and insoluble silicates is larger than the average, this is a vcry good soil, containing 49 CHEMICAL REPORT. full average quantities of alkalies, phosphoric acid, and lime. Like most of our Kentucky soils, the silicious constituent is in such a fine state of division that it has many of the physical properties of fine clay, and would not, in ordinary parlance, be denominated sand. JEFFERSON COUNTY. CLAYS. No. 2 I 65" Shazly cla1y (or clay shale) in the limestone layers of /le I Cincinnati Group.' Lower Siburian. Jeffersontown." Collected by Rev. H. Hertzer. A friable shale, generally of a lilac-grey color, but with some whitish portions. WVhen powdered, it is quite plastic with water. It calcines of a light brick color; but before the blow-pipe it fuses into a dark-colored slag. No. 2I66-" Shaly clay, of the Keokuk Group, from Cox's Knob. Jefferson county." Collected by Rev. H. Hertzer. Generally of an olive-grey color. This also is quite plastic when powdered. It calcines of a very light brick color. Be- fore the blow-pipe it fuses into a dark-colored slag. No. 2I67 " Shaly clay (or clay shale) of the Keokuk Group. From the old Deposit Station. Jefferson county." Collected by Rev. H. Her/zer. A friable shale or indurated clay of a light buff-grey color, with ferruginous stains between some of the laminae. Quite plastic when powdered. It burns of a light brick color, and fuses before the blow-pipe into a dark-colored slag. COMPOSITION OF THESE SHALY CLAYS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2165. No. 2166. No. 2167. Silica.. . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . 47.960 58.840 61.900 Alumina with phosphoric acid ........... 21.340 19.940 18.520 Iron peroxide...... . . .......... 6.6oo 6.ooo 6.220 Lime... . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 5.824 3.226 .123 Magnesia... . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 3.524 .857 1.259 Potash... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. 5.264 4.490 4.867 Soda.. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . .250 .685 .612 Carbonic acid, undetermined, and water.9.238 5.962 6.499 Total. ...... .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 100.ooo oo. ooo 100.000 50 CHEMICAL REPORT. 51 These indurated or shaly and marly clays, usually contain- ing a notable proportion of the alkalies, potash and soda, as wvell as of lime and magnesia, with a variable small quantity of phosphoric acid, might, in some cases, be profitably applied as top-dressing to light soils which are deficient in clay, and which have become exhausted by culture. They could also be used for terra-cotta work, especially those which burn hard and of a handsome color. These might also be used for drain- tiles, flower-pots, and other forms of pottery. At a very high temperature, in the kiln, however, they would soften or melt. MlADISON COUNTY. CLAYS. No. 2 i68- " Clay; Milton Barlow; from near Bybeetown. Bed four feet thick; in Black shale." Collected by Johin R. Procter. Clay of a light, warm drab-grey color. Irregularly and im- perfectly laminated. Quite plastic. Burns of a delicate light, reddish-cream color; nearly white. Before the blow-pipe it fuses into a whitish slag with difficulty. No. 2i69-" Clay of workable thickness; on the road leading f-rom W-aco to R. Oldhanm's, about a mile and a halffrom Waco. Probably below the Cornziferozs limestone." Collected byt Jo/hn R. Procter. A compact clay, generally of a light, olive-grey color, stained irregularly with ochreous and ferruginous. Quite plastic. Cal- cines quite hard, of a handsome light brick color. Before the blow-pipe it fuses into a brownish-grey slag. No. 2I70-" Indutrated clay; farm of C. L. Searcy, near Ellis- ton. Beneath the Corniferozis limestone. Bed ten feet thick or more. Makes a good soil." Collected by John R. Procter. A light, olive-grey, laminated clay; mottled with ochreous or orange-colored ferruginous infiltrations. The laminat are contorted. It is quite plastic. Burns of a handsome flesh- color. Fuses into a grey slag before the blow-pipe. CHEMICAL REPOicr. COMPOSITION OF THESE MADISON COUNTY CLAYS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2168. No. 2169. No. 2170. Silica..... ................ i 6o.56064.5666.2580 Alumina................ . 24.780 20.i60 22.940 Iroi, peroxide.............. . . 8 4.200 3.760 Lime... .............. a trace. .213 .560 !Magnesia..... .. .. ...,............. I. 317 .641 .425 Potash.... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. 3.276 5 054 5.280 Soda... . .. .. i.. .. .. .. .. .. .294 not est. .30S Combined water, &c., and loss ....... . . . . 6-973 5.166 4.147 Total.100.000 100.0 100. 000 These are good plastic clays for the manufacture of ordi- nary pottery ware, as well as for ornamental articles of terra- cotta, for which use they are adapted because of the pleasant tints they assume in calcination. They owe these tints to their considerable proportion of iron oxide, which, together with their large proportion of potash, renders them unavaila- ble as fire-clays. This very circumstance, however, may fit them for stone-ware, and for superior kinds of hard, burnt, semi-fused, ornamental pottery in the hands of skillful work- men and artists. MARLY SHALES OF IMADISON COUNTY. No. 2186-" Marlu shale; on the road near A. Lake's place; Drowning creek. 'Niagara Group' Collected by John R. Procter. An olive-grey and brownish-grey, somewhat firm shale, mot- tled in parts; adhering to the tongue. Quite plastic with water when powdered. Calcines of a light brick color. Fuses before the blow-pipe into a dark brown, nearly black slag. No. 2187-" Marny shale or indurated marly clay. On the hill two hcndred yards north of Dr. Freeman's house. Probably the same bed as No. 2i67, beneath the Corniferous limestone. The bed is six feet thick or more, and containsgpsum." Col- lected by john R. Procter. Generally in thin, soft, irregular laminae, of a light olive- grey color, irregularly varied with brownish yellow or ochre- 5 2 CHEMICAL REPORT. 53 ous. It contains gypsum in irregular crystals between some of the laminv; shows some fossil vegetable impressions, prob- ably fucoid, on some of the layers. It is quite plastic with water. Burns quite hard, of a hand- some light brick color. Before the blow-pipe it melts into a dark brownish-green slag. COMPOSITION- OF THESE MARLY SHALES, DRIED AT 212 F. No. 2186. No. 2187. Silica...... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. 42.300 48.780 Alumina, &c. .. ............. .... ...20.840 17.320 Iron peroxide.... . .. .. .. .... .... . . . . . 4.120 3.240 Lime sulphate (gypsum).......... ........ ..... 19.285 Lime. 13.320. Magnesia.... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .461 .496 Potash... .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 2.387 4.768 Soda. .. . . .. .. ... . .. . .. .. .. . .351 .240 Combined water, carbonic acid, and loss......... . . . 16.221 5.871 Total.... . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . 100.(00 100.000 Because of the large proportion of gypsum (plaster of Paris) contained in No. 21 87, and its considerable quantity of potash, it would no doubt prove a valuable top-dressing on soil and crops where the use of plaster is indicated. The shale No. 2186 would be useful on soils principally on account of the lime which it contains, which is equivalent to nearly twenty- four per cent of carbonate of lime. No. 2 i88-A. 'Rock impreg,-naled with Epsom salt, &c. C L. Searcy's farm, near Ellis/on. Beneath the Corniferozes limiestone." Collected by Johnu R. Procter. A somewhat friable ferruginous sandstone, generally of a dull brown color, variegated somewhat with other tints. Showing minute crystalline specks in the cracks, and between the irreg- ular laminx. It contains irregular nodules of chert, infiltrated with bright iron pyrites. B. Brown powder contained in the sample. Supposed to be the result of the disintegration of the rock by the crystal- line force of the included salt. CHEMICAL REPORT. The rock (A), when lixiviated with water, gave a solution which left, on evaporation and drying at Lhe temperature - of boiling water, as much as 4.8I 26 per cent. of the rock of saline matters, principally magnesia sulphate (Epsom salt), with small quantities of salts of lime, potash, soda, and iron. The brown powder (B) wvas found to contain only 3.840 per cent. of saline matters, of similar composition. The rock was not submitted to analysis, but it is pretty evident that the Epsom salt and other sulphates were derived from the reaction of the oxidated iron pyrites on the bases contained in the rock. LIMESTONES OF MIADISON- COUNTY. No. 2189-" Shelly limestonc in the bed of Muddy creek bc/ow J. Q. Goptozn's. 'Cumberland' shaics Probably Clinton." Collected by John R. Procter. Of a dark umber-grey color. Generally quite friable; some portions are compact. No. 2 190-" Imnpure limestone; top of tihe ' Cumberland' shiales. Upper twvelve inches. From below tihe mill-dami on Muddy creek, Elliston." Collected by John R. Procter. A pretty firm, fine-granular, or compact rock, of a handsome light olive-grey color. No. 2191-"nzhpure limestone. Top of 'C(umber/and' s/ia/cs. From eikzhteen to thirty iznches below the massi've bluff lzmze- sstone of the Upper Siluri'an on lAuddy c-cek." Collected by Johin R. Procter. Rather darker colored than the next preceding; color in- clined to brownish; not so hard as that. It contains no bitu- men, but some sulphur. No. 2192- -mnpure limestone; resting on (lie top of t(eI C'0mz- berland' s/iales; bottom stratzum. From belog t(le mill-dam on Muddy creek. Collected by Jnio. R. Procter. A granular limestone; somewvhat cellular; containing some petroleum, which gives it a browvnish color. It weathers och reous. 54 CHENICAL REPORT. 55 NO. 2I93" Inpture limes/one. lViagara. Top stra/um, eikg-h inches thick. From below the mitll-danm on Mluddy creek. Ellis/on.. ColIcc/ed by jo/n R. Procter. An impure granular limestone; somewhat cellular; dark brownish-grey, somewvhat mottled. Contains petroleum, the infiltration of which gave the dark color to the rock. When heated over the spirit-lamp, the petroleum exudes from it. It weathers ferruginous. No. 2194 " Impzure limestone. Second from the top. From jzlst below the mzill-dam on Muke ddy creek. El/is/on. Co/- lected by John R. Procter. It resembles the preceding, but is darker colored; it also contains petroleum and some iron pyrites. No. 2195-" Impure limestone. Niagara. Third stratum from the top. From below the mill-dam, Muheddy creek. Ellis/on." Collected by John R. Procter. Resembles the preceding; rather finer-grained and harder; also containing petroleum. Exterior surface wveathered ferru- ginous. NO. 2I96-" Impure limestone. Clinton Group From the quarry norilt of Rogersvi-l/e. Thi7s rock makes g-ood solY." Collected by John R. Procter. A compact or fine granular rock; non-fossiliferous; of an olive-grey color; in some parts brownish. Not adhering to the tongue. It contains no petroleuLm, but some p)yrites. N O. 21 97-" Limzes/onze fr-om below the Gauda-galli gi-rit, at the base of the Corniferous limestone." Co//ccted bi' John R. P-octer. A fine granular, brownish-grey rock. It gives the odor of petroleum when heated, and probably ozves its brownish tint to a small quantity of this substance. vOL. V-29. CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2I98-" Bituminous limestone from above the Corniferous limestone; three to ten feet thick; from near Elliston." Col- lected by John R. Procter. Generally of a dull, brownish-black, or grey-black color. Some pieces with bands of a lighter grey tint. It is a fine granular rock. No. 2199-" Impure lim es/tones. Top of th e Corn iferous lim e- stone. Total thickness fifteen feet; with intercalated beds of purer linestone six inches thick." Collected by John R. Proc- ter A tough, fine granular or compact rock. Samples from dif- ferent levels are mixed; some of which are brownish-black, some umber colored, and some intermediate in tint. No. 2200-"' Limestone; on the road one mile south of Mrs. S. J. Emcbry's; intercalated with the so-called Black Band, or bituminous limestone. To be tested for /cqdraulic properties." Collected by John R. Procter. A dull buff-grey, fine granular rock, with some little infil- tration of hydrated iron oxide. 56 0 -8 0 lN\ 8 VS O' a, o o eltXI oR s O - 0 0\ N , _ , N g t t _, C ZI ;Z . - . . .0 ID Ct " _ O u- 1,0 C O OlW CS 8 S ' -d- 0 0 O NI N-e 0 4 _C\0 00o3n N 0 C, 0 1NOt'-Dv 1s N '0 -: OO&C ;7 t N- - I N _ -:7 _ 2 I t4 - O40 _aOVO N0 ' o 0 o I rO N N- . ,OI N 0 0 0 o , o 0 I X I 0 00 o - o t 0 1 oI 0 '0n'ot ;_S 57 0 0 _; a I n'2 I 1 _ _ C I , vm O I n_ I O 8 N N i 21 6 4 e 0 I., 8 r- cr :.: 9 _ to to to v vf _1 _ _ _t 'J -' I . a11 I' :1 X 0.9 CHEMIICAL REPORT. CHEMICAL REPORT. These impure limestones vary considerably in their compo- sition and properties. Nos. 2192, 2193, 2194, and 2195, from the Upper Silurian strata, are quite magnesian, and contain considerable proportions of alumina and iron oxide, with but a moderate quantity of silicious matter. Many of these magne- sian limestones make quite good and durable building stone; but this depends greatly on the mechanical structure of the rock. The magnesian limestones also make good quicklime when pure, and wvhen silicious or containing much clay, fre- quently prove to be good water-limes. A very imperfect trial of No. 2195, by calcining a small quantity, proved that it would harden in contact with water; but whether it would become very hard by time, or prove durable, was not ascertained. Possibly greater care in the experiment, in the burning, &c., with more time, would give a more satisfactory result. Its proportion of silica, however, is quite small. The rest of these limestones were not tried in this relation, except Nos. 2I89, 2I90, and 2200, and these did not harden in a satisfactory manner in water. As all of these contain quite a large proportion of aluminous and silicious matters, if they would make water cement at all, it would be of the slowly- setting variety, like the artificial Portland cement, for the manufacture of which, with or without the addition of more lime, they might possibly be made available. Specimens of Corniferous and Silurian limestones, showing bright olive-green blotches, specks, and grains, were sent to the laboratory to ascertain their nature. This green mate- rial, frequently found in a granular form, is the mineral glauco- nite, the main constituent of the green sand of the cretaceous formation, described in a previous chemical report under the number 2067. IRON ORES FROMI IMADISON COUNTY-BOG IRON ORES. No. 2 201 -" Bog ore frozn near R. Dudley's, ha/f a mile south of the Richmond and Irvine Turnpike. A thick deposit, onz the Black Shale formation." Co!lected by John R. Procter. Mostly soft ochreous material of different light tints, mixed 58 CHEMICAL REPORT. irregularly with some curved laminge of more compact, dark colored limonite. No. 2202-" Bog ore; Black Shale formation; on thle lands of T. P. Estill and AM. T. Todd.. Two huendred y-ards south of the Richmond and Irvinle Turnbpike, near Ross' blacksmith shop. Bed of workable thickness." Collected by, John R. Procter. Resembles the preceding, but is somewhat darker colored, and has more of the hard, irregular limonite layers. No. 2203-" Bog ore; ont the Black Shale fo;-mation; a good deposit. Near Airs. Tudor's, on the Richmond and Irv'ine Turnpike." Collected byt John R. Procter. Resembles the preceding. The samples are from different outcrops of the same bed, which seems to have considerable extent. No. 2204-" Bog ore; a thick deposit on the road to Red river, near T. Lewis', half a ,nile west of Harris' ferrly, one mile from Kentucky river. Resting on Corniferous." Collected by John R. Procter. Generally of a dull black color, like earthy manganese per- oxide, with some little reddish and yellowish ochreous material i ternixed. COMPOSITION OF THESE BOG ORES, DRIED AT 2120 F. N-O. 2201. No. 2202. N-O. 2203. No. 2204. Iron peroxide. ............. 28.440 19.800 30.870 17.300 Alumina and phosphoric acidi. . 5.240 9.88o 11-560 14.820 Lime carbonate... .. .. .. . .. . Io .3801 .290 .130 Magnesia carbonate.1.279 1.844 .897 1.041 Silicious residue ............ . 56.220 62.290 49 980 56.200 Water, alkalies, &c., and loss . ........... 8.631 5.8o6 6:403 10.449 Total............. .... . I 03.c C IOO.C03100.000 100.000 lercentage of iron ....... . . .. . 19A.90 13860.S 21.570 12.110 Generally too poor to be profitably smelted by themselves. for iron; although some of them might be used in mixture with richer ores, provided the plhosphoric acid is not in too 59 CHEMICAL REPORT. large proportion. The ore varies considerably in different parts of the bed, and in some localities it might, no doubt, yield material for cheap mineral paint. No. 2205-" Ferruginous shale. Labeled 'Black Band ore.' TV. B. Combs' Knob. Resting on the top of the coal." Col- lected by John R. Procter. A somewhat compact, ferruginous shale, of a dull brown- ish-black color, spangled with fine scales of mica. Weathers ferruginous. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. Iron oxide .. ........ . . 19.500, containing 13.650 per cent. of iron. Alumina and phosphoric acid . . . x6.360 Lime.... ....... . . . trace. Magnesia.......... . . trace. Silicious residue . ....... . 39.940, containing 32.3Co per cent. of silica. Bituminous matter, water, and loss. Z4.2CO Total .. 100.0oo Too poor to be called an iron ore. SOILS FROIM MADISON COUNTY. No. 2206-" Top soil from the farm of f. G. Covington, Muddy creek. Probably Clinton shales, above the Cincinnati Group. Has been in cultivation for twenty-six Shears in corn, with but two crops of small grain. With an average yield all the time of sixty bushels of corn to the acre. Lies above the overflow." Collected by John R. Procter. Dried soil of a brownish-umber color; pretty friable. It all passed through the coarse sieve except a small proportion of small ferruginous concretions, and some few small rounded pebbles of reddish quartz. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a small proportion of small rounded white quartz grains, and very few of partly-decomposed concretions. No. 2207-" Subsoil from the same field, taken one foot below the surface," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is very slightly darker colored than the surface soil, and the clods are firmer. It all passed through 60 CHEMICAL REPORT. the coarse sieve except a small proportion of small ferrugilous concretions, somewhat rounded. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a rather larger proportion of small, rounded white quartz grains than from the preceding, but very few grains of partly-decomposed concretions. No. 2208-" Bottom clay mnder the two preceding," &c., &c. The dried under-clay is of a handsome brownish-yellow ochre color. It is in pretty firm clods. It all passed through the coarse sieve except a small proportion of small ferrugi- nous concretions, and a few small white quartz pebbles. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue a small pro- portion of small, rounded white quartz grains, and a few of partly-decomposed concretions; a smaller quantity than from the preceding. COMPOSITION OF THESE MADISON COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2206. No. 2207. No. 2208. Organic and volatile matters....... .. . . . 7.240 7.150 2.950 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides... .. . 10-353 10.905 11 032 Lime carbonate........... . . . .... 2.485 1.870 .220 'Magnesia. .989 .809 .i6o M g ei..... .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .8 8 g.6 Phosphoric acid.... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .387 .300 .173 Potash extracted by acids.......... . . . . 545 .638 359 Soda extracted by acids.... . .. . .. . .. . . 16z. .. . . . Water expelled at 380 F.... . .. . .. . .. . I.122 1.450 . 800 Sand and insoluble silicates..... . .. . .. . 76-715 77-395 84-174 Total. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . _ _998100. 517 99.868 Hygroscopic moisture........ . . .. . .. 3.275 3.775 2-575 Potash in the insoluble silicates....... . . . i 1.949 2.079 1.800 Soda in the insoluble silicates....... . . . . .206 .281 .407 Cnaracter O0 the soil ..... .. .. . . .. . .ultivated field . Subsoil. Under-clav The upper soil and subsoil present in their composition all the characteristics of very fertile soil. The under-clay is not so rich as these. 6i CHEMICAL REPORT. WATER FROM MADISON COUNTY. No. 2209-" Sultphur water from a spring on the farm of C. L. Searcy, Ellison. In the Niagara Group." Collected by John R. Procter. The water was brought to the laboratory in a jug and bottle, both well corked. It retained a slight odor of hydro- gen sulphide, and was slightly opalescent from a light precip- itate of sulphur. It had deposited a dark sediment, and the corks were slightly blackened, as from the presence of iron. Testing showed it to be slightly alkaline in reaction. COMPOSITION OF SALINE CONTENTS OF THIS WATER, in woo PARTS. Lime carbonate.. .............. o.zo ol Magnesia carbonate........ . .. .. . .. . .0322Held in solution by Iron carbonate and phosphoric acid....... .. . .0172 f carbonic acid. Silica... .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . .. 00..o045 J Lime sulphate............. ..... . . .4301 1 Calcium chloride....... . .. .. . .. . . .0124 Magnesium chloride.......................a. . o0920 Potassium chloride..... .... ... .. ... . . 380. Left dissolved in the Sodium chloride. .3221 wvater after long boil- Soda carbonate.. .o037 ing. Silica...... . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .oois8J Lithium, strontium, and sodium sulphide .traces Organic matters and loss .3294 Total solid matters in ioco parts of the water. .5774 The water also contained free carbonic acid, and, at the spring, no doubt, a notable amount of hydrogen sulphide; but the quantity of these gases could only be correctly estimated at the source. It seems to be a good saline sulphur water, containing a small quantity of iron, which would add to its medicinal utility. No. 2210-" Water from an Artesian well one hundred and twenty-six feet deep. Bored in the rocks of the Upper Cincin- nati Group. About one hundred and fifty feet south of the railroad track at Clear Creek Station, and about two hundred and fifty feet west of Silver creek, in a bottom. The water stands in the well at thirty-five feet from the surface." Sent by John R. Procter. On evaporation to dryness, this water left 0.4658 of a 62 CHEMICAL REPORT. gramme of saline matters, &c., dried at 2 I 20, to the thousand of the water. The comtposition of which saline matter is as follows: Lime carbonate.......... ......0. . . 1. o. 550oHeld in solution by Magnesia carbonate..... . .. .. .. ... . . . 0503 J carbonic acid. Iron carbonate and silica. n. e. Lime sulphate.. .03 Potash sulphate .0124 Soda sulphate .oog6 Sodium chloride..... . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . 1467 Silica... . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . oo6o Moisture and loss .o5o8 Total saline matters in 10oo parts of the water . . . . 0.4658 This is what is called a "hard" water; but it contains no organic matters or other injurious ingredient. Its small pro- portion of sulphate of lime would only tend to form a hard crust in steam-boilers when it was used in them for too long a time without "blowing out." The water of Silver creek was tested at the same time with the above described; also that of a well in the creek; both at the Silver Creek Distillery, Madison county. The Silver creek water left, on evaporation, 0.1772 per woo of solid saline matters, slightly stained with organic matters. The well water left 0.2212 per iooo of the water of saline matters, which also showed a trace of organic matter. The composition appeared to be similar to that of the saline mat- ter of the Artesian well water. McCRACKEN COUNTY. No. 221 -" Fire-clay, three and three quarters miles south of Paducah, on the Mayfield road." Collected by John R. Procter. In friable lumps, generally of a very light grey color, nearly white, mottled with a very light ochreous material. It is quite plastic. Before the blow-pipe it burnt hard, of a light grey color, nearly white, and finally fused with great difficulty. 63 64 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 2120 F. 64-.480 .......... 24.691 1 . 869 .. .. . .. . 448 .... . .. .137 ..457 .083 . .,..... 6.835 . I 00. coo Silica. Alumina with trace phosphoric acid . Iron peroxidei.......... Lime. . . .. . .. .. . . . Magnesia.. . . Potash. . Soda. Combined water and loss ...... Total . While this clay would answer well for the manufacture of ordinary fire-brick, and of rather superior varieties of pottery- ware, terra-cotta. &c., its considerable proportions of potash and iron peroxide might cause it to soften when exposed to a very intense heat. No. 22 I 2-" Subsoil from land of Dr. S. B. Caldwell, two miles southwest of Paducah, McCracken county. This art/h, when dug up and spread upon the land, produces good results. Quaternary." Collected by Jo/n R. Pr-odter. The dried soil is friable, and of a light brownish-grey color. The coarse sieve removed from it some friable shot iron ore, and a small silicious fragment. All its silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth, except a very few small, rounded grains of hyaline quartz. COMPOSITION OF THIS SUBSOIL, DRIED AT 2120 F. Organic and volatile matters ..... .. .. . . .840 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides ... . 5.883 Lime carbonate........ .. . .. .. . . .070 Magnesia... .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .2Co Phosphoric acid........ .. .. . .. . . .082 Potash extracted by acids...... . .. .. . . . i86 Soda extracted by acids....... .. . . . .314 Water expelled at 380 ........ . . . .. . 485 Containing: Sand and insoluble silicates.. ..... . .. . g. 9020 Potash=.773 --- Soda = .855 Total.... . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . g99. 8o Hygroscopic moisture = x.500 per cent. No reason appears in the chemical composition of this earth why it should act as a fertilizer, except when plentifully ap- plied on poor light soils. CHEMICAL REPORT. NELSON COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2213-" Soil from a field onl the farm of Mr. James R. Ballard, two mi/es northwest of Rohan's Knob. Thefield has not been wasted muck by cultivation, but in washing away. Timber, mostly white oak and ash. Bed rock, black slate and Corniferous limestone." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is friable, and of a reddish, light brownish tint. The coarse sieve separated from it 1.5 per cent. of its weight of small, partly-rounded ferrUginous fragments. Its silicious residue, from digestion in acids, all passed through the fine sieve (i,6oo meshes to the centimeter square), except a small proportion of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and a few small grains of white quartz. No. 2214-" Subsoil of the next preceding, ten inches from the surface," &'c. The dried subsoil is lighter colored and more yellowish than the preceding. Of a light brick color. Its clods are quite firm. The coarse sieve separated from it only o.5 per cent. of small ferruginous fragments, partly rounded. The fine sieve, with i,6oo meshes to the centimetre square, separated from its silicious residue a considerable proportion of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and only one or two small silicious grains. No. 2215'" Bottom soil or under- clay of the next preceding, two feet from the surface; not penetrated by roots." Collected by John R. Procter. The dried soil is of a handsome light brownish orange-red color, or handsome light brick color. The coarse sieve sepa- rated from it I per cent. of small irregular quartz pebbles. The fine sieve removed from its silicious residue a small pro- portion of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and of rounded quartz grains, with a few minute silicified joints of encrinital stems. 65 66 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE NELSON COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2120 F. 1 No. 22F3. No. 2214. No. 2215. Organic and volatile matters.......... . . 3.363 2.990 3-300 Alumina and iron and manganese oxides. 7.977 10.349 14.368 Lime carbonate...... .. . .. . . .. . . . .270 .245 .880 Magnesia. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . .166 .187 .809 Phosphoric acid. I. ..... . .. . . .. . .. 108 .o6 .102 Potash extracted by acids....116 .164 .361 Soda extracted by acids............. . .225 .045 .657 Water expelled at 38o0 F.......................... 1.215 .900 2.415 Sand and insoluble silicates............ . 86.65o 85.075 76.840 Total. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . 100.087 ioo.oi6 99.732 Hygroscopic moisture... . .. . .. . . 1.. .485 2- 525 1.129 Potash in the insoluble silicates..1...... . . . i.669 1.835 2.742 Soda in the insoluble silicates........... . .274 .400 .225 Percentage of gravel.... .. . . .. . .. . . . 1.400 5oo0 1.000 Character of the soil.... . .. . .. . . .. . . Surface soil Subsoil. Under-clay These soils are of good average fertility, judging from their chemical composition and physical constitution. The only apparent deficiency is of phosphoric acid in the subsoil No. 2214. This, however, is easily to be supplied in phosphatic fertilizers. The under-clay is chemically richer than the upper soil. Some of the silicious residue of the "under-clay" was sub- mitted to analysis by fusion with the alkaline carbonates, &c., with the following results, viz: CONSTITUENTS OF ONE GRAMME OF THE SILICIOUS RESIDUE OF THE UNDER-CLAY, No. 2215, DRIED AT 2120 F. Silica... . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . 0.76880 Alumina and iron oxide, &c.... . .. . . .. . .18920 Lime .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .ooo6i Magnesia. .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .00569 Phosphoric acid.. OOO5l Potash. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .02742 Soda .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .00225 Moisture and loss. .00552 Total ..0.0.0.0.0............... . ioooo This analysis shows that the silicious residue of this under- clay not only contains 2.742 per cent. of potash, but as mhuch CHEMICAL REPORT. as .05 per cent. of phosphoric acid, besides notable quantities of alumina, lime, and magnesia. Its gradual decomposition by weathering would undoubtedly tend to maintain the fer- tility of the soil. Under Fulton county the analyses of other silicious residues are reported which gave analogous results. No. 2 2 I 6-" Marly clay at the base of Carboniferous series; prob- ably on the Keokuk horizon. Part of the section contains thain beds of clay iron-stone; but beds of many feet in thickness can be obtained. Nelson county." Collected by N. S. Shaler. This clay is quite plastic, when powdered, and calcines of a buff color. Before the blow-pipe it fuses into a dark colored slag. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212 F. Silica...... .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .6i. Ioz Alumina wvith phosphoric acid.... .. .. .. . i 8. 2Co Iron peroxide.. ........ ...... . 6.omo Lime. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 4.904 Magnesia .. 542 Potash. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 4.101 Soda. .821 Combined water, carbonic acid, and loss .3.332 Total...... .. .. . ... . .. .. . . 100.000 This clay may be employed for terra-cotta work or other pottery not to be exposed to a very high temperature in burning; but its large proportions of iron oxide, lime, pot- ash, magnesia, and soda cause it to be readily fusible. Its proportion of phosphoric acid was not determined, but its other ingredients, mentioned above, especially the alkalies and lime, may make it a valuable marl for top-dressing light and exhausted soils. 67 CHEMICAL REPORT. PULASKI COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2217-" Virgin soil from a ridge near the farm of Mr. Taylor, on the London and Somerset road. This ridge divides the waters of Sinking Valley creek. Geological position. one hundred and fifty feet above the Sub-carboniferous limestone, the ridge being formed of the coal-bearing sandstones and slates. Very thin poor land. Scarcely any one is willing to settle on this kind of ridges." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr., July, I 859 (during the former Survey under the late Dr. D. D. Owen). The dried soil is of a grey-buff color; friable. The coarse sieve removed from it 31.6 per cent. of irregular fragments of ferruginous sandstone. Only the fine soil, which passed through this sieve, constituting 68.4 per cent. of the whole soil, was taken for chemical analysis. The same practice obtained in all cases. The silicious residue of this soil, left after digestion in acids, with a view to its analysis, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a very few small particles of partly-decomposed con- cretions and of rounded quartz grains. No. 2218-" Virgin soil from a ridge dividing Rockcastle from Buck creek waters; Lick creek, Clifty creek, Whetstone creek, and a branch of Sinking creek, all heading in this immediate neighborhood. Geological position. upzper part of the coal- bearing sandstones and shales. This ridge extends twenty to twenty-five miles in a southerly direction." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr., June, 1859. The dried soil is of a brownish grey-buff color. It contains few clods, which are quite friable. The coarse sieve separated from it 9.2 per cent. of irregular fragments of ferruginous sand- stone, scarcely at all rounded. All its silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth, except two or three small particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and a few small rounded grains of white quartz. 68 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2 2 1 9-" Surface soilfrom a field now (1 859) in corn, adjoin- ing the location of the next preceding. It has been cleared eig-ht years. Will produce twenty-five bushels of corn to the acre. Alternation of crops has been attended to." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, darker colored than the preceding; of a light umber tint. The coarse sieve separated from it 19.2 per cent. of irregular, somewhat rounded fragments of ferruginous sandstone. From its silicious residue the bolting- cloth separated a little more of small, rounded particles of white quartz than from the preceding, but very few of partly- decomposed concretions. No. 2 2 20-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &'c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a light brownish or ferruginous grey tint, lighter in color than the preceding. It contains many fragments of rock. The coarse sieve separated 34.7 per cent. of irregular fragments of ferruginous sandstone. The bolt- ing-cloth separated from the silicioUs residue rather more of small rounded quartz grains than from the preceding, and a fewv more of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions. No. 222 -" i Virgin soil from the farm of Owen Huent, two miles and a half east of Grundy; six miles northeast of Somler- set; on Blazed Hollow branch of Pitman's creek. Geological position.- slopes formed of Szb-carbonziferozs limestone." Col- lected by Josepph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is quite light and friable, of a light brownish- grey color. The coarse sieve removed from it 13.8 per cent. of small, rounded quartz pebbles, with a few of small scarcely- rounded fragments of ferruginous sandstone. Its silicious res- idlue, after digestion in acids, left on the bolting-cloth a rather larger proportion of small, rounded grains of whitish and red- dish quartz than the preceding soils, also a few particles of partly-decomposed concretions. 69 CHEN1ICAL REPORT. No. 2222-" Suiface soil from a field adjoizzinin the locality of the next preceding, which hais been in cultivzation about seventy'- five years; in crops alternating wit/h corn, wheat, and oats; now (June, I 859) in cornw. which wi//yield about thirty bushels to the acre. Cattle have bccn turned on spw-ingly'. Has been plowed deep for Eastkrii Kentucky. to the dtpth, of e ' ht to nine inches." Collec.'d by Joseph Leslcj. jr-. The dried soil is of a clark browvnish-grey color, darker than the preceding. Friable. Tile coarse sieve removed from it 15 per cent. of small quartz pebbles and sandstone fragments; the pebbles not being so large proportion as in the preceding soil. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue about the same proportion of small rounded grains of wvhitish and reddish quartz, and of partly-decomposed concretions. as from the preceding. No. 2223-" Subsoil of tl-e ucxt preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a lighter brownish-grey than the preceding. Contains moderately firm clods. The coarse sieve separated only 3.I per cent. of small some- what rounded fragments of ferruginous sandstone mixed with a very few small quartz pebbles. All its silicious residue passed through the boltiiig-cloth, except a rather small quan- tity of fine white sand, and rather more of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions than from the preceding. No. 2224-" Under-clay taken from below the next preceding to show the claye)' nature of the real under-soil of these limestone valleys. Sample taken from the depth, of twelve to fifteen inches." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr. This dried under-clay is of a light brownish-ochre color. The clods are quite firm. The coarse sieve separated from it 4.5 per cent., mostly of small quartz pebbles. From its silicious residue the bolting-cloth removed a considerable proportion of small grains of partly-decomposed concretions and a few of reddish and whitish quartz. 70 CHENICAL REPORT. No. 2225-" Virgin soil from thefarm of James Dcnny, on 0 lhe border of Wayne county, seven miles soutl/ of Sonzcrsct, one mile from the forks of the main Cumberland and Big 0Sozf/k Fork. Geological position: Sub-carbonife-ous limiestonce for- mation. Note: This is a characteristic soil of the 'Ba rrcns' of Pulaski and Wayne counties. The ' Barrens 'jfozn a swifi of the first great terrace above and soutl/ of t/c Cumzbc;-land river, averaging five miles in width and extendincg lengw7thwi-se fi-om the forks of the Cumberland to and beyond Mlontice/lo. Fifty years ago they were open prairie. wit/ only occasioznal hiigh swells, covered with black oak timber; now thzey are cov- er-ed, where not cultivated, with a fine 'second grtowc//h,' mostly of black oak and hickory. with scattering dogwood and black gulm." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, of an unmber-grey color. The coarse sieve removed from it 8 per cent. of angular cherty particles, mixed with a little shot iron ore. All of its silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth except a small pro- portion of hard, irregular particles of partly-decomposed con- cretions. and a small quantity of small, roUnded grains of white quartz. No. 2226-"- Sifiace soil fromt a field adjoining t(le locality of the next pr erceding. Th is field has been cleared utp three -ears, and been planted in corn each year; plowed shal/Zlo; no manure used." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, of a light chocolate tint, deeper colored than the next preceding. The coarse sieve removed from it only I.5 per cent. of cherty particles. Its silicious residue left on the bolting-cloth but a small proportion of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions and of small quartz grains. No. 222 7-" Subsoil of the next preceding. ' &c., &c. The dried subsoil contains some friable clods. It is of a slightly darker color than the next preceding. The coarse voL V.-30. 7 1 CHEMICAL REPORT. sieve removed but a very small proportion of small, cherty fragments. From its silicious residue the bolting-cloth separated a con- siderable proportion of small, rounded particles of partly- decomposed concretions, mixed with a small quantity of small, rom;ided grains of white quartz. No. 2228-" Surface soil from another field adjoining the local- izj' of NO. 2225. This field has been in active cultivation for fifty to sixty ears, with the exception of the last two years. It is now (I859) in pasture (z'iz. pennyroyal and crab grass)." Collected by Josepph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, and of a light chocolate color. The coarse sieve removed from it but a very small proportion of shot iron ore, with a few small, cherty particles. The bolt- ing-cloth separated from its silicious residue only a small pro- portion of small quartzose and silicate grains. No. 2229-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil contains some friable clods. It is darker colored and more reddish than the preceding, being of a warm or reddish-brown color. The coarse sieve removed from it but a very small proportion of small, angular, cherty fragments and shot iron ore. From its silicious residue the bolting-cloth separated a considerable quantity of small, rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions, mixed with a small propor- tion of small, rounded grains of white quartz. A marked difference is observable in the rocky fragments or gravel of these different soils. In the " ridge " soils, Nos. 2217 to 2220, inclusive, these are generally angular fragments of ferruginous sandstone; in the Sub-carboniferous soils, Nos. 222I to 2224, inclusive, the gravel is mainly quartzose pebbles, with but little of ferruginous sand rock or concretions; while in the " Barrens " soils, Nos. 2225 to 2229, inclusive, the gravel is cherty, and usually in angular fragments. 72 4,2 0.1 44 0, 0Po 0 cn -0 0 ---g 8 .1 0 71 -Z,7, 00 Ill I I I i I i 7 ,i t CHENIICAL REPORT. 73 8 , 0 , I -:;, - .01 & C, - o - . - , . . 1! .0 . 1A w fn 18 '3 ,:I vW o4 -4 Z; -4 ..4 Zr. D 0 r :A f- ;-. 'r 0 110, g 4 u .- , . . .0. -b .. . V I . - A r d- ;VS ;,........ ......... zc-..... . D ...... Ve ..... ....... 'I E.. .. . . X _ , . r . 2 A; . . Or t 4 w; w _ Q Ads a X n ,2 E E S: ' 0; y E :Js_:; sN n 74CHEMICAL REPORT. When we discount the ridge soil, No. 2217, by the 31.60 per cent. of sandstone fragments which it contains, and which couid hardly afford much vegetable nourishment, we see that it cannot be a very durable and productive soil, yet if its local situation were favorable to the cultivation of crops, it might be made durable and profitably fertile with skillful management and the use of fertilizers. The principal deficiency in the fine earth of these soils seems to be of phosphoric acid. Subsoil No. 2220 not only contains a very large proportion of the rocky gravel, 34.70 per cent., but is also deficient in phosphoric acid and available potash. It would not benefit the surface soil to throw up this subsoil. The proportion of alkalies in the insoluble silicates seems to be below the general average of good soils. Soils No. 2221, 2222, and 2223 also contain but a small pro- portion of phosphoric acid, but have a larger quantity of pot- ash. Their sand and insoluble silicates are in large proportion. The soils from the " Barrens" are richer than these others, and ought to be quite productive under good management. These subsoils seem to be somewhat deficient in phosphoric acid, which is in good average proportion in the surface soils. ROCKCASTLE COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2230" Virgin soil frome the nose of the ridge between the East and West Forks of Skeggs' creek, and from ihe land of Halbert McClure. Geological position: coal-bearing sand- stones and sizales, one hundred/eel above the Sub-carboniferous limestone, from a terrace containing coal." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr., June, 1 859. The dried soil is light and friable. It is of a light chocolate yellowish-grey color. The coarse sieve separated from it 14.5 per cent. of small irregular somewhat rounded fragments of soft ferruginous sandstone. All its silicious residue, from diges- tion in acids, passed through the bolting-cloth, except a very few small grains of partly-decomposed concretions and a few small rounded quartz grains. 74 CHEMICAL REPORT. 75 No. 2231-" Virgin soilfrom a ridge in the northeast corner of Rockcastle county, which divides the waters of Clear and Brush c-eeks; both tributaries to Roundstone creek. Timber.- chest- nut oak and white oak, with undergrowth of lairel and some pine. Geological position.- Mil/stone grit, which, on this ridge and on parallel ones in this part of the country, forms the cap- ping." Collected by Josepph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is of a grey-buff color; it is quite friable. The coarse sieve separated 21.4 per cent. of irregular frag- ments of ferruginous sandstone and some small, rounded pebbles of white quartz. The bolting-cloth removed very few small grains of partly-decomposed concretions from its sand and insoluble silicates left after digestion in acids, but a pretty large proportion, about one sixth of the whole, of small, rounded white quartz grains. No. 2232-" Virgin soilfromn the farm -of William Af. Smith, on the Crab Orchard and London Turnpike, three miles east of AMount Vernon. Taylor's branch of Rounds/one creek runs through the field. Geological position : slopes of the Sub-car- bon iferous limestone. These slopes form the principal part of the farmed land on Rounds/onte, Skegog's, and Line creeks and their tributaries in this pfart of Rorkkastle county. The nort-h- emer slopes of the valleys are considered the best." Collected b Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is darker colored than the preceding. It is of a brownish grey-buff color. Its clods are friable. rhe coarse sieve removed from it 12.5 per cent. of irregular, somewhat r couded fragments of ferruginous sandstone. The bolting- cloth separated from its silicious residue but a small propor- tion of small particles of partly-decomposed concretions ailL ujf fine, rounded grains of white and reddish quartz. N O. 2 233-" Surface soil from a field adjoining the next preced- Pig. This field was cleared up thiirty years ago, and is now (1859) in oats. It was sutpposed to be worn out when Mr. Smith took it; has been mnanu-ed. and now ,'ields fifty bushels of corn per acre." Co/ected /b' i Joseph Lesley. jr. The dried soil is darker colored and more brownish than CHEMICAL REPORT. the next preceding. Its clods are friable. The coarse sleve removed from it 17.4 per cent. of irregular fragments, some- what rounded, of soft ferruginous sandstone. Its sand and insoluble silicates all passed through the bolting-cloth except a very small proportion of small grains of partly-decomposed concretions and of white quartz. NO. 2234-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil resembles the next preceding soil, but is a little darker colored, and its clods are quite firm. The coarse sieve removed from it 12 per cent. of irregular frag- ments, somewhat rounded, of soft, ferruginous sandstone. The bolting-cloth separated rather more of small, rounded grains of white quartz from its silicious residue than from the preceding, but very few small grains of partly-decom- posed concretions. No. 2235-" Surface soil of a field in pasture adjoining, No. 2233. This field has been cleared up sixty years, and only manured on the very bare spots." Collected by Joseph Les- ley, jr. The dried soil is of a very light chocolate tint, but some- what darker in color than the next preceding. The coarse sieve separated from it 29 per cent. of irregular fragments of soft ferruginous sandstone. Its silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a few small, soft grains of partly-dissolved concretions, and a vety small proportion of small, rounded white quartz grains. No. 2236" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil resembles No. 2232. The coarse sieve removed 28.6 per cent. of irregular fragments of soft fernr- ginous sandstone, with some fragments of limonite. and a few quartzose pebbles. All its silicious residue passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of grains of partly- decomposed concretions, and of white quartz. 76 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMIPOSITION OF THESE ROCKCASTLE COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2120 F. No. 2230 No. 2231 No. 2232 No. 2233 No. 2234 No. Ws35 No. 2236 organic and volatile matte. 6.. 6. 89at.50 4.950 6.65 4.265 4- 500 3.360 Alumina a iron A manganflC 0xidese 7. 126 3.977 7-342 8.565 9.490 7.097 7.025 L Mime carbonate....... .. . 345 . oSs -435 .640 .625 495 lI.rgnesia......... ... . .223 .120 .232 .153 .175 .z3 .187 Phsphoric acid....... . . .109 .083 .093 .14i .2X0 73 .125 Potash extracted by acids..... .366 .100 .23 339 .453 .208 .254 soda extracted by acids. ..... 093 .8 . .002 .03 v aLerexpelled at 3o PF. 1.925 .750 1.300 1.650 375 1.300 1 9 Siand and insoluble silicam.. . 2.6. o go. go65 82.o4o 83. 9 85.980 87. Total ......... . . . ... 99.767 99.830 gg.656 99-gg8 99.6199.885 1a00032 Hygroscopic moisture..... 2.085 0.900 1-775 2.225 1.915 1.510 1 250 Potash in the insolubicsiLicate.. .925 .67z I S Aas . 857 .756 .69o Soda in the insolublcsilicaes.... . 128 201 .312 .248 .260 .250 -23.4 Peretage ofgravel, &. . . .. . 14-5O 21.400 12.500 17 400 12.000 29.000 28.6oo Character of thesoil ....... . Virginsoil Virgin soil Virginsoil Old field Subsoil. Old field Subsoil. Of the above described soils of Rockcastle county, No. 2230, based on the coal-measure shales, &c., is quite a good soil; to be discounted, however, by its 14.5 per cent. of fer- ruginous sandstone fragments or gravel. No. 2231, situated on the Millstone grit, is the poorest of the whole, especially as it contains 21.4 per cent. of this gravel. The other soils described, all based on the Sub-carboniferous limestone for- mation, are better than the average of good soils; but are also to be discounted by their considerable percentage of sandstone gravel, of which the soil of the old field, No. 2235, and its subsoil, show much the largest proportions. In these old field soils may also be seen the usual results of long culti- vation in the diminution of the alkalies, phosphoric acid, &c., as compared with the original virgin soil of the neighborhood. Such a comparison could not be accurately made unless the twvo soils were similarly located in relation to the action of the atmospheric waters; those on a slope being more subject to their deteriorating, washing influence than those on more level -routnd. This influence may probably be observed on the relative composition of soil No. 2232 situated on the slopes of Roundstone. The old field soil, No. 2233, is now quite rich. TRIMBLE COUNTY. Nt). 2 237-" A ' chalky substance' sent by AMr. S. E. Hampton for examination." According to his report, it exists in a stratum about two feet 77 CHEMICAL REPORT. thick, discovered in digging a cistern about five feet below the surface, in a mound-like hill, the highest in the neighborhood, which is in Hunter's Bottom, about five miles below Carrollton. It is a fine granular rock, soft enough to be scratched by the nail, nearly white, with a very faint yellowish tint. Under the microscope it was seen to be made up of minute, transparent crystals. in form somewhat like those of Aragonite. By tests it was found to be nearly pure carbonate of lime, with a trace of iron oxide. If in large quantity, as it is said to be by \Vm. Hampton, it might be utilized in the manufacture of soda ash from salt, or of glass, or it might be made valuable as an ingredient in the manufacture of Portland cement. No. 2238-" By the same pierson a sanmple of another white substance was sent, labeled I Silicious clay,' forty feet thick and a mile wide, from near Milton. Trimble county." Quite a friable concretion, which was found to be nearly pure quartz. with a minute quantity of carbonate of lime. The microscope shows it to be in the form of very minute, tranis- parent, colorless, acicular, prismatic crystals. This pure silicious deposit, which, like the preceding one of carbonate of lime, is doubtless of more recent deposit than rocky substratum, might be made profitable ill the manufacture of glass, of pottery ware, of Portland cement, soluble glass, &c. WAYNE COUNTY. SOILS. No. 2239" Virgin soilfrom the farm of Silas Hansford, in the northeast enit of Wayne county, on the Dry Branch of Big Sinking creek, three miles due west from its mouth. This sanm- pie is from a piece of woods back of his house. Geological position.: upper part of the Sub-carboniferous limestone, on terrace which has received more or less of the dibris from the sandstones and shales lying immediately above it." Collectea by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, and of a light greyish-umber color The coarse sieve separated from it 7.5 per cent. of fragment- 78 CHEMICAL REPORT. of ferruginous sandstone, not much rounded. All of its sili- cious residue, from digestion in acids, passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of small, rounded, soft particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and of whitish and reddish quartz. No. 2 240-" Surface soil front a field next adjoining to the loca- tion of the next preceding, which has been cleared two years. Last year it was in turnips; this year (i859) is in corn." Collected by Josepfh Lesley, jr. This dried soil resembles the preceding. The coarse sieve separated from it 4.4 per cent. of small, slightly-rounded ferru- ginous sandstone particles. Its silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth except a small proportion of small, rounded grains of white quartz, and of partly-decomposed con- cretions. No. 2241-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is rather lighter colored and more yellow- ish than the soil preceding. It contains some pretty firm clods. The coarse sieve separated from it 16.5 per cent. of irregular fragments, some pretty large, of ferruginous sand- stone and concretions, some of which show much manganese oxide. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue a smaller proportion of small grains of quartz, and of partly- decomposed concretionxs than from the preceding soils. No. 2242-" Virgin soil from farm of Silas Hansford, &c., &c. From below his house, in a dry, flat, swelling valley. Geological position: about the middle of the Sub-carboniferous limestone formation." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jo. The dried soil is like No. 2239, slightly darker colored. It has some friable clods. The coarse sieve removed from it 6.6 per cent. of small, rounded, ferruginous silicious particles, and a few small quartz pebbles. From its silicious residue the bolting-cloth separated a little larger proportion of small, rounded friable particles of partly-decomposed concretions 79 CHEMICAL REPORT. than from the preceding soil; also a small proportion of small, rounded white quartz grains. No. 2243-" Surface soil from a fi2ld across the road from the location of the next preceding soil. This field has been in active cultivation for fifty years; mostly in corn; is this year (i859) in corn. No manure has been used." Collected by Jos. Lesle,', jr. The dried soil is like the preceding, very slightly darker colored and more brownish. The clods are a litttle more firm. The coarse sieve separated from it 11.2 per cent. of some- what rounded, irregular ferro-silicious fragments or concre- tions. With the bolting-cloth its silicious residue gave sim- ilar results with the preceding. No. 2 244-' Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a warm, brownish, dark-grey color. The clods are quite firm and more reddish in their interior than the powdered soil. The coarse sieve separated from it i0.3 per cent. of irregular, somewhat rounded, ferro-silicious fragments. From its silicious residue, after digestion in acids, the bolting-cloth removed quite a large proportion of small, rounded, friable particles of partly-decomposed concretions, and a few small, rounded grains of white quartz. No. 2245-" Virgin soil from: the farm. of John H. Philips, Newberry Post-office, eleven miles southwest from Monticello, on the road to Albany, one mile west fiomt Otter creek. Tim- ber: white and black oak, hickor, dogwood. Geologicaposi- tion: Sub-carboniferous limestone. Soil: red ferruginous, on the great undulating plateau of Wayne and Clinton counties." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr., Jily, I 859. The dried soil is of a grey-brown or light snuff color; friable. The coarse sieve separated from it only 1.5 per cent. of small, rounded, ferruginous, silicious particles. Its silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth except very small propor- tions of small, rounded grains of partly-decomposed concre- tions and white quartz, with a few silicified portions of very small encrinital stems. 80 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2246-" Surface soil from afield on the same level as the next preceding, cleared about sixty Shears ago, which was unin- terruptedly in corn for the first twelve or twenty years. Of late years more attntion has been paid to alternation of crops; but eight out of ten years of the sixty it has been in corn. Now (1859) in wheat stubble." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable, and is of a handsome, light, red- dish grey-brown color. The coarse sieve removed from it only i.6 per cent. of small, rounded, ferruginous, silicious particles. Its silicious residue gave the same result with the bolting-cloth as the preceding. No. 2247-" Subsoil of the next preceding soil," 6c., 6c. The dried subsoil resembles the soil next preceding, the color being only a light shade darker, being reddish grey- brown. The coarse sieve removed from it 3.2 per cent. of small, rounded, ferruginous, silicious particles and small quartz pebbles. With the bolting-cloth its silicious residue gave similar results with the two preceding soils. No. 2248-" Virgin soil from the farm of Hiram T. Hall, on the road from Albany to Monticello, six and three quarter miles southwest of the latter, and half way between Otter and Beaver creeks. Geological positzon: Sub-carbonzferous lime- stone; redferruginous horizon. Remarks: This specimen is taken from the so-called 'flat lands' of this county, which here- about extend over a wide surface, and are estuary-like, being bays between long, low, wide noses which give the county a rolling character. Corn and other grains will not grow on it. although timothy and herd-grass are grown with great success. Timber.- White and pin oaks, hickory and sugar maple." Collected by Jos. Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable and of a light ash-grey color. The coarse sieve separated from it only a very small proportion of shot iron ore. Its silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth, except very small proportions of small, friable, 8i CHEMICAL REPORT. rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions and of white quartz. No. 2249" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is much lighter colored than the soil next preceding, being of quite a light, yellowish-grey tint. It has some friable clods. -he coarse sieve removed from it only a very small proportion of shot iron ore and small, silicious concretions. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a considerable proportion of small, rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions and a few of white and reddish quartz. No. 2250-"1 Virgin soil from the red ferruginous soil horizon, or the Sub-carboniferous limestone formation. From the farm of Hiram T. Hall. This soil is a fair average of the farming lands of this portion of Wayne county." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable and of an umber color. The coarse sieve separated from it 5.8 per cent. of angular, cherty frag- ments. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue only very small proportions of partly-decomposed concretions and quartz grains. No. 22 5 1 -" Surface soil from a field adjoining the location of the next preceding, which has been in cultivation every year for sixty years, the first twenty years in corn; now (i859) in wheat stubble; last year in corn, and the year before in wheat." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is friable and of a handsome, reddish, light grey-brown color. The coarse sieve removed from it i.9gper cent. of angular, cherty fragments, and some little shot iron ore. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a considerable proportion of small, rounded, friable particles of partly-decomposed concretions and a few of small, rounded, white quartz grains. 82 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2252-" Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is somewhat cloddy. It is of a handsome light-ferruginous or brick color. The coarse sieve separated from it but a very small proportion of small, cherty particles. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue quite a large proportion of small, rounded grains of partly-decom- posed concretions and only a few small, rounded grains of quartz. NO. 2253-" Virgin soilfrom the ridge between Big Sinking creek and Elk Spring valley, on the property of Edward Mor- row, near the water-shed at the road crossing, three quarters of a mile south of Alexander's coal bank, and five miles east from Monticello. Geological position .- Coal-bearzng sandstones and shales, seventy feet below the main coal." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. The dried soil is light and friable and of a very light buff- grey color. The coarse sieve separated from it 33.4 per cent. of pretty large, angular fragments of ferruginous sandstone, mixed with some smaller, rounded ones. From its silicious residue the bolting-cloth removed very few small, rounded particles of partly-decomposed concretions and quartz. No. 2254 " Virgin soil from a ridge dividing Cedar Sinking creek from Dry valley, near Double-headed Gap, in the north- east portion of the county. Geological position : Coal-bearing sandstones and shales, seventy feet above the top of the Sub-car- boniferous limestone." Collected by Joseph Lesley, jr. Dried soil friable; of a purplish-grey color: ash-grey. The coarse sieve separated from it 21.2 per cent. of angular frag. ments of ferruginous sandstone. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue only a small proportion of particles of partly-decomposed concretions and no quartz grains. 83 CHEMICAL REPORT. I F "'o ;4 I eo 0.I il _ - 2 nnQf w , - 0..Fw. I - -o . ct .n o 8 f ii no- -+": . n i fooo8o t (I)b ftft ;f 8 o d m.o _ o ino 3-ooo- a _ z I"I 1_ n _osin nf o_ n Iow oQ- 1 ft'f ""ft 0a _ _nn O.1 0 .nco ft.........- . 1fi. . o 0 eRa 11f uO"t c- 'oo- ; Wo o I I H F_ Ic i _ In.inft OfnV'iI -IIon:e 1 o I " I I...1 ' jD' Sj _ 8 i IH n zItvs "Z o 11Z g i0 _ C..; + eso" vsI 11e oJ 1 g1 CRI'M W .ols ia"s1 ;............ Oio wv I Q 11 tn 11D Zi oIp 1 U I "+ EsosoIT 1 w 1 nI o_+ g r1 n1 e + I o w1_ 0 0 0 1 rl 0 e l. 0 V In a 1 0 1 .Z1 1 , g g: R ta 1s z I ae M I 11 ' 'M 1 6... ... . .3;. . 0 ....... : I..,.. . L.P .... I E. 3 g .0:.. 9,r;1 .3; . ' .3. P a -; . . ..; . . . . . r. I 7; 3 n i -A Tb u 84 A 0 F-' 0 , 04 Z :D 0 En 0 0 U- 11 11 CHEMICAL REPORT. All of these soils, which are based on the Sub-carboniferous limestone formation, appear, from their chemical composition and physical condition, to be very good and fertile, requiring only good management to make them productive. This is especially the case with No. 2250, said by Mr. Lesley to be a fair average of the farming lands of the red ferruginous hori- zon, in Wayne county, which may be classed among our rich soils. No. 2248 is said not to produce corn or other grains, but to be favorable to the growth of timothy and other grasses. As no reason for this default appears in its analysis, it is probably due to imperfect local drainage. In all these soils the subsoils seem to be less rich than the surface soils; so that, for the present at least, no other benefit would result from deep plowing except that of loosening the substratum for more perfect drainage, or the extension of the roots of growing crops. Soils Nos. 2239, 2240, and 2241, especially the subsoil, show the presence of the debris of the sandstones and shales lying above them; and soil No. 2253. lying on the water-shed of a ridge on the coal-bearing sandstones and shales, which is the poorest of all these soils, shows in a marked manner the dete- riorating effects of the wash of the atmospheric waters through it, especially in its large proportions of gravel, sand and insol- uble silicates, and its small quantities of organic matters, pot- ash, soda, phosphoric acid, alumina, &c. Soil No. 2254, from a similar geological position and also on a ridge, shows much less of the effects of this surface washing, probably because it may be more favorably located in relation to the drainage, and may be considered a soil of good average fertility, under good management, notwithstanding its 21.2 per cent. of small, rocky fragments of coarse gravel, which diminishes its value about one fifth. 85 CHEMICAL REPORT. WEBSTER GOUNTY. SOILS. No. 2255-" Virgin soil from the farm of Col. Scott, Sebree City, on the L. and S. E. Railroad. Timber. white and red oaks, dogwood, whitewood. black walnut," &c. Collected by C TV Beck/ham. The dried soil is of a brownish umber-grey or chocolate- grey color. The clods are friable. It all passed through the coarse sieve except a little vegetable debris. Its silicious residue (i. e., sand and insoluble silicates) all passed through the bolting-cloth except a very few small silicious grains. No. 2256-" Surface soilfrom a field seventy-five years in culti- vation in corn and tobacco. Same locality as that of the pre- ceding soil, but on a hillfifteen feet above theflats." Collected by C TV. Beckham. The dried soil is generally of a dull brownish yellow-ochre color, mottled with reddish in the clods, which are quite firm. It contains fragments of charcoal. It all passed through the coarse sieve except a few small fragments of friable sandstone. The bolting-cloth removed from its silicious residue but a small proportion of small, rounded grains of white quartz and of partly-decomposed concretions. No. 2 2 5 7` Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a brighter brownish yellow-ochre color than the preceding. Its clods are quite firm. It all passed through the coarse sieve. Its silicious residue gave the same results with the bolting-cloth as that of the pre- ceding. No. 2258-" Surface soil from a field more than fifto years in cultivation. Tobacco and corn the princifal crops. Farm of Mr. Kaufman, Slaughterville Station, L. and S. E. Railroad." Collected by C W. Beckham. The dried soil is quite friable and of a brownish yellowish dark-grey color. It all passed through the coarse sieve. Its 86 CHEMICAL REPORT. silicious residue gave the same results with the bolting-cloth as the preceding. No. 2259-" Subsoil of the next preceding; used for making bricks," &c. The dried subsoil is in quite firm clods, of a browvish yellow- ochre color. It all passed through the coarse sieve. No. 2260-" Suface soil from a field ten years in cultivation; principally in corn and tobacco. Farm of A. G. Brooks, Elm- wood Station, L. and S. E. Railroad." Collected by C. TV. Beck/ham. The dried soil is of a brownish-drab or dirty-buff color. Its clods are friable. It all passed through the coarse sieve, leav- ing on it only some vegetable debris. With the bolting-cloth its silicious residue gave the same results as the preceding soils. NO. 226I " Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a brownish-buff color, brighter than that of the preceding. Its clods are quite firm, and mottled with lighter-buff and ochreous tints. It all passed through the coarse sieve except vegetable debris and a few small ferrugi- nous concretions. Its silicious residue gave the same results with the bolting-cloth sieve as the preceding soils of this col- lection. COMPOSITION OF THESE WEBSTER COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 2I12 F. No. 2255 No. 2256 No. 2257 No. 2258 No. 2259 No. 2260 No. 226, Organic and volatile matters .. . 3.975 5035 3.-365 2.610 2.440 3-450 2.210 Alumina a iron & manganese oxides. 4.225 8.480 I-383 4.665 7.661 3.986 5 639 Lime carbonate.. : : : : : : :330 2.895 .220 . 145 .120 .270 .143 Magnesia ...........277 .436 -450 .160 .241 .z94 not est. Phosphoric acid... ..1.... 140 .285 .157 .125 .54 -.94 ... X Potash extracted by acids... .. o64 .313 .392 .124 .71 .126 Sod;a extracted by acids. . 323 .030 .040 .012 .o06 -057 .439 Water expelled at 380' F..9. .800 . .585 1.250 .775 Sand and insoluble silicates. 89.855 82.94o 83-5 g91 445 88.755 90.490 90.815 Total...... .. ... .. 0. 1w.339100.314 1s0.02 99.851 99-943 59 907 I 192 Hygroscopic moisture...... . z.68o 2.850 3.325 1.200 1.975 1 575 1.36: Potash in the insoluble silicates. . x 697 X[730 I.956 1.544 1.779 1.570 1. 75 Soda in the insoluble silicates..67, .482 .563 .712 .690 .746 366 character of the soil . . . . . . . . Virgin] il Old field Subsoil. Old field Subsoil. Culti'atedi Subsoil. CharacterIothe soil . Virgns l lSubs soil, field. VOL. V.-31. 87 88 CHEMI-CAL REPORT. The soil of the old field, seventy-five years in cultivation in tobacco and corn, with its subsoil, Nos. 2256 and 2257, must have been naturally much richer than the virgin soil, No. 2255, of its neighborhood, if the labels accompanying the samples are correct; for, notwithstanding its prolonged use in the pro- duction of exhausting crops, it contains much larger propor- tions of the essential elements of fertility than that, and may yet be classed amongst the rich soils. Most of these de- scribed above are at least of average fertility, the only appa- rent deficiency being of available potash in Nos. 2255 and 2259, and of phosphoric acid in Nos. 2260 and 226i, and in subsoils 2259 and 226[-ingredients which can readily be sup- plied in appropriate fertilizers. These soils are all in a favor- able physical condition, being friable and in a state of fine division, and containing no gravel. CHLENIICAL REPOitr. 24 89 0. -ft M4 : E - Fs x ,. -0 in'-. 0 10 c " - -E G2-o 6 JOt- E.En-. En e IQ ...... -.... .........0 .n oc 0 2wt-am O.....-n- mo - ft - -mw -O - -q s'altD!sa qnpos __R OVn'0oCU S Vft;ft t-ca 4-ft. - 0 243 U! -POC; .. ... a.e- e.... c._. -slos1n" -WJ.Obnto- gz ooRnemr i-ui atp u! uplod _ _ _ _ _ ' ' ' n _ -- - --- - -n - 2 - - _8 Ci em mom o ,tftft t a o o O -l o ce- n e- O ttfe- 1 _ 0_. I.. . ..... .... .... . waie'Ip -sajqn'a n.n_ --_ . ... ....- - - - - f -- - -nosU! pr HsS t t ot zQt;Nt G O voe r o So ioc H o- .! - 0 rv v oa0 to o v 00 - V tm 0-g ntt 0 t 8 0 0 8 0 . -e0 O--_ .. l ..- .. P2(Sawdqa jqic6 .t..V....... 0.wbc_ ._m. l c e ee e-e-c e- mfteeft cft e e-fta cc _ n ne Ofc'O 000 0- mnmn-OV O a0 0 0--scO n v ro0m 'lO _nfxstOZ 0 .m m --c..... .e..ft ft.te. m . ... Ct...f m o . 4 .. nn.Q C-3c 2_n ntm ' non n+nO ea - l pa jadxadiEM0 ' - - I .f.sm. .O. ... ............. .fm -t f.. n... . .t 0 c . a ; ::u ' .'. 00 00 000 0v00oo_0n bttenw vhvo n _ or__ __ x O 0.t V O'ftft o cr Vno wIC ftftOtQ 0' 'C ft n _ ncne Ot' P O. o ftfnP0ft o b ppe uoqd-a1 n 2 G., __ C0. -s-ns 0,s. Ov inut n mmm OfOnf F o 3ftftt fl ft iftfst f +tfl f tmft8mf ;+tftmftftft us 0 32 'apxo !e- uP c t U01! puveu!tunl V .", 4am-, so o . n ;oDc '- un -,, 6t M 'C O 6 ed+o no o - sam ane \ -s " o8 W n os n g g r o O +;2 ,, et n iC n gW -oo l m -a f nm- 'LIVUT.nm - 0-t _ _ _ _ _ _ !a O_nnro +_ nn Q; Ift tO ftnnn''' ''-- ft .........................m'" m ' fmf.............. clw . c 0 - oe aP . m-ft-a- - ejUUU QOCOCOOOOC :1Z9 a-115 csZ' o ..... .... ..... ..... ..... _______________ 4 -juOuu'juuu eMkSSS .c.ucarZXZZZZ cqKOosOOOO____r-cn m.n'n cng e-m,,, "'St QD O ft ftftnfnftftftftftfntftfn ftn ,ftftnfn n fnftntntntntnfn afnfnfnftntnft ntn ftfn ft -A- -7 -I' IC r- I CHEMICAL REPORT. .2 9 -3i C o - 'a .a 0 Z = ,= 0. 0 -Z U2- .f aC -e-9 ]Xs -. Ij 8 3 0 o X O8 18- .O- 8 8,' 8 J 8og8 o oa J-.=8 j0c 0 m e m -c s om a6 C i-a - ma,.. 's531'3p sDajqn psmS u ea n : a -----p So ' '-- - - - - - - - - -------------- - -o -Ov 5 C or. - O 0- ES ' - . sIu3! !s ajqnloSi-r i--m1 mnm'o- i.-i a 0U -U! aip U! ijaiojl _ - ,-. , ,,, _, . - lug 0Z1Z)Et a . rn- -r Wfta iu a8 nm m-c m.. , 8..m. a, Cfx!I!S aIq litk - - -- n n r - - - - - -nl,"U! pue p l- 0,, 0SNn0,, 0i0Suaoaq0 D000X0eX0 s0 Pan m .nemommommm ama a"_____ cam__- m '-n o pdjpGX3131DM10.-' in- - emmi-i. ac m ' O Xn F e in 'ea ;re 8 - 'V i m Vs no C -:t ... . .... .. . I ma-sam acm o mm i- ma- mm- mm 8c - in -O 8a am em 'n-Xa io 2s Wv I apO eiC ' ft- - t o- -s ft ft mn-ma ma am crn:omng. ii-a ' aleuoam mmmmml monm _ __a 'nmmrn omenm mm mnmgn 0-__ ' - = '-iuaitsf .:.g.t..P.t... j. .a. a o g'apixo j u -t f ti-aam mine 8 2 a a+ s a cuzmin v- - no W I inm mm -- i m I n " v E n n " n a a n " n n n n n n u n z a z " " " n " n n na a " n n " n n ra8 a c ti-m n ai-me c ug. ..hqqa ..............................c .c:. -ajoqmaam a .em.a.aa.-. mtm.ci.a aa.- . me .c.a . - .ie . .- a - . i . m. 'm.c. - mammmftnmm ft mffcfol-mm. -,.t m mmmmmft'.ftmmmf .f.f.umm .t.t.tIf.m.l.t.m. . . f.f.m. 0.! tme1Nw -"OE aaum rnm mu uu uu um mum -uuenm mm 90 - c 0 1, 0 U k- a C cC z 'c y La z x -4 CA Er . -J F, G- CHEMICAL REPORT. a ,X 88g.88 _ . .8 . Ri , I.- _ o"oseo-ft ( 0 .9 81 " 0:pZ10 I gn LI Z .g I. _ 0- . I !-- - 11. -'.. I.. jan rwi Om t4 w _ u., u , , 'gig. u Z831V :'' fl fI'O ft 2 an a - .oi oo. . . I_ ' _ft I" : . eItltc '. o 6o tc;. tZ t;.W o. c u. j qw nN=4 g! t Z ;: f ftff ,tf :ft5 RSZ4f I I . .a.. . c....i..._ . . 91 0 i I u '-e4 - -:,00 "l,0 0 '.0 01 07 C 04 000 CHEMICAL REPORT. .i W Nc1 0_ - - 3 sc10 .i z __ = N '- " S-0 tqr 0 ,th pq uoqa po-qj g 4 6,. 6 a. - - i o o o n 0 0 qsy 8 n IoIn2 a C2 t11 1 Pt!.l 0 a0 E =s gson m33qn n :8's8. rtiouA ' 8. 28 L3!tAU YPdSI E nD c ______ o N _ a Z _ ..1.. n 92 0; 0a 94 a xI 0 I I CHEMICAL REPORT. i i i X el e l I I E- C'C NI ,_ I V- Jo a aza o. r, I ; '-!UOJI .0 C R5 ai "O AC Cef C. ::Oc O O c E o O m E 22 o go 'CC G 9 n... ftif r ,- n - Hi _OnX --6 f e R' i '301 UM'XpefMA 'Jx1 -itui snoultumig. +' 's3ITeIUU 'aluM1 H .Ad I aimuIlEoq i U -. Ci a I-JE v!saU 6 - - , I _ :T.. I I SZ pn a3uoqd j S, .-soqd ,eulmnlv , ,,, o ., apsxoad uocj.0l I u 8 . _ acoa c I n _ u A.c cc FI R12 N e e4 N4 'C bH- Ui W I ix 0. a 2 ai mjI t uoo .Eo co., aI -- - a o cac M I-ooo , C e . ai C 'a -o C EO e EE =0 - a I20 . U== ci i O: u! cM h. 1 .2 I .E DI d -u"I I II li 0 r: R I pf 0 8 C ia !SigC CeCi eei C i . C. . aml + . . o . . .. SO + pc0'd cncc n "cc C" Ij a b wO O mO tU_ c 4', I' ..t. . -.... . JO 32W3II2OJ3 5 o[ rnrronml an 0 _wii .-. . -m. ;.I... mO a d 6 g - - t 0Z r r r r I o- !UIi UB5H. ,__ ' -.' ' O I It2 I -I sIE a ._ rc tcaqw fn j m m m m ftfto O' ft Oi O h 93 S S 8' Lu .2 :4 .C12 -jqunnK , . , .0 I I -..c. I I I ;z I

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